{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131764296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410220.3453921","title":"A Look Behind the Curtain: Traffic Classification in an Increasingly Encrypted Web","display_name":"A Look Behind the Curtain: Traffic Classification in an Increasingly Encrypted Web","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131764296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410220.3453921","mag":"3131764296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3410220.3453921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410220.3453921","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Abstract Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGMETRICS / International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032195882","display_name":"Iman Akbari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iman Akbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039801401","display_name":"Mohammad A. Salahuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-3278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad A. Salahuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112612040","display_name":"Leni Ven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leni Aniva","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062253146","display_name":"Noura Limam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7759-3751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noura Limam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038723583","display_name":"Raouf Boutaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-6862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raouf Boutaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010916846","display_name":"Bertrand Mathieu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4020-3761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19370010","display_name":"Orange (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/035j0tq82","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19370010"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand Mathieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orange Labs, Lannion, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orange Labs, Lannion, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19370010"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017971528","display_name":"St\u00e9phanie Moteau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19370010","display_name":"Orange (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/035j0tq82","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19370010"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Moteau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orange Labs, Lannion, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orange Labs, Lannion, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19370010"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021384705","display_name":"St\u00e9phane Tuffin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19370010","display_name":"Orange (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/035j0tq82","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19370010"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephane Tuffin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orange Labs, Lannion, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orange Labs, Lannion, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19370010"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032195882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6799,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86623968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7972727417945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.735999584197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.7096424102783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.48689523339271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.48415738344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4838024973869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45730239152908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.44556039571762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43325984477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.41770032048225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40776631236076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3578052520751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.2931366562843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23193228244781494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7972727417945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.735999584197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.7096424102783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.48689523339271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.48415738344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4838024973869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45730239152908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.44556039571762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43325984477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.41770032048225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40776631236076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3578052520751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2931366562843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23193228244781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3410220.3453921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410220.3453921","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Abstract Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGMETRICS / International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073089243","https://openalex.org/W2158215699","https://openalex.org/W2187970900","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2743556905","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2771013472","https://openalex.org/W2772303842","https://openalex.org/W2772317693","https://openalex.org/W2784189535","https://openalex.org/W2792041828","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2898413119","https://openalex.org/W2911301616","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2917091861","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2963065250","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2963750397","https://openalex.org/W2965118803","https://openalex.org/W2978116268","https://openalex.org/W3000473108","https://openalex.org/W3039623901","https://openalex.org/W3045474099","https://openalex.org/W3045858585","https://openalex.org/W3160447194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893779165","https://openalex.org/W2017432143","https://openalex.org/W1973694374","https://openalex.org/W2983574358","https://openalex.org/W2370475531","https://openalex.org/W4385924768","https://openalex.org/W4256551238","https://openalex.org/W2179036394","https://openalex.org/W2965782936","https://openalex.org/W2613715541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"classification":[1,55,193,222],"is":[2,68,112],"essential":[3],"in":[4,36,43,64,191,242],"network":[5,150],"management":[6],"for":[7,120,142,220],"operations":[8],"ranging":[9],"from":[10,175],"capacity":[11],"planning,":[12],"performance":[13],"monitoring,":[14],"volumetry,":[15],"and":[16,22,45,146,160,181,198,224],"resource":[17],"provisioning,":[18],"to":[19,103],"anomaly":[20],"detection":[21],"security.":[23],"Recently,":[24],"it":[25,67],"has":[26],"become":[27],"increasingly":[28],"challenging":[29],"with":[30,77,194,238],"the":[31,37,49,65,97],"widespread":[32],"adoption":[33],"of":[34,52,79,96,106,189,201,248],"encryption":[35],"Internet,":[38],"e.g.,":[39],"as":[40,115],"a":[41,87,134,148,170,176,204,234],"de-facto":[42],"HTTP/2":[44],"QUIC":[46,236],"protocols.":[47,108,227],"In":[48,129],"current":[50],"state":[51],"encrypted":[53,107,110,143,225],"traffic":[54,111,173,197],"using":[56],"Deep":[57],"Learning":[58],"(DL),":[59],"we":[60,132],"identify":[61],"fundamental":[62],"issues":[63],"way":[66],"typically":[69],"approached.":[70],"For":[71],"instance,":[72],"although":[73],"complex":[74],"DL":[75,217],"models":[76,85],"millions":[78],"parameters":[80],"are":[81,126],"being":[82],"used,":[83],"these":[84],"implement":[86],"relatively":[88],"simple":[89],"logic":[90],"based":[91,152],"on":[92,153,169,233],"certain":[93],"header":[94],"fields":[95],"TLS":[98],"handshake,":[99],"limiting":[100],"model":[101,218],"robustness":[102],"future":[104],"versions":[105],"Furthermore,":[109],"often":[113],"treated":[114],"any":[116],"other":[117],"raw":[118,196],"input":[119],"DL,":[121],"while":[122],"crucial":[123],"domain-specific":[124],"considerations":[125],"commonly":[127],"ignored.":[128],"this":[130],"paper,":[131],"design":[133],"novel":[135],"feature":[136],"engineering":[137],"approach":[138,168,232],"that":[139,215],"generalizes":[140,219],"well":[141],"web":[144,172,226],"protocols,":[145],"develop":[147],"neural":[149],"architecture":[151],"Stacked":[154],"Long":[155],"Short-Term":[156],"Memory":[157],"(LSTM)":[158],"layers":[159],"Convolutional":[161],"Neural":[162],"Networks":[163],"(CNN).":[164],"We":[165,185,213,228],"evaluate":[166,230],"our":[167,216,231],"real-world":[171],"dataset":[174,237],"major":[177],"Internet":[178],"service":[179,192],"provider":[180],"Mobile":[182],"Network":[183],"Operator.":[184],"achieve":[186],"an":[187,245],"accuracy":[188,247],"95%":[190],"less":[195],"smaller":[199],"number":[200],"parameters,":[202],"out-performing":[203],"state-of-the-art":[205],"method":[206],"by":[207],"nearly":[208],"50%":[209],"fewer":[210],"false":[211],"classifications.":[212],"show":[214],"different":[221],"objectives":[223],"also":[229],"public":[235],"finer":[239],"application-level":[240],"granularity":[241],"labeling,":[243],"achieving":[244],"overall":[246],"99%.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}