{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112789885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410158","title":"A Survey on Heart Biometrics","display_name":"A Survey on Heart Biometrics","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112789885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410158","mag":"3112789885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3410158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410158","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3410158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3410158","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079130144","display_name":"Aditya Singh Rathore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3148-4728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Singh Rathore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3148-4728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016863481","display_name":"Zhengxiong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1880-5096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxiong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078828577","display_name":"Weijin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-6336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044439388","display_name":"Zhanpeng Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanpeng Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035679293","display_name":"Wenyao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-9411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2658,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9589065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.8941307067871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8918193578720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.8558695316314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8056345582008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7347599267959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5448943376541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.544762372970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5146456956863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.41266119480133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4117741286754608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32188284397125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23355799913406372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.8941307067871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8918193578720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.8558695316314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8056345582008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7347599267959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5448943376541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.544762372970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5146456956863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.41266119480133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4117741286754608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32188284397125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23355799913406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3410158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410158","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3410158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3410158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3410158","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3410158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5198777863","display_name":"IUCRC Phase II: University at Buffalo: Center for Identification Technology Research CITeR","funder_award_id":"1822190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G738617448","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Collaborative: Cardiac Password: Exploring a Non-Contact and Continuous Approach to Secure User Authentication","funder_award_id":"1718375","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112789885.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112789885.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96182012","https://openalex.org/W200711920","https://openalex.org/W269825739","https://openalex.org/W914901448","https://openalex.org/W1506730542","https://openalex.org/W1532058700","https://openalex.org/W1569781326","https://openalex.org/W1595669351","https://openalex.org/W1603538166","https://openalex.org/W1615494382","https://openalex.org/W1654391526","https://openalex.org/W1963834459","https://openalex.org/W1968379679","https://openalex.org/W1971581014","https://openalex.org/W1975780227","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W1986077389","https://openalex.org/W1988398062","https://openalex.org/W1990105342","https://openalex.org/W1993129711","https://openalex.org/W1993609051","https://openalex.org/W1999370027","https://openalex.org/W2002422013","https://openalex.org/W2003922338","https://openalex.org/W2006873322","https://openalex.org/W2007123640","https://openalex.org/W2010080093","https://openalex.org/W2014800492","https://openalex.org/W2017066266","https://openalex.org/W2020416425","https://openalex.org/W2029745771","https://openalex.org/W2030576559","https://openalex.org/W2034338462","https://openalex.org/W2036602737","https://openalex.org/W2038089898","https://openalex.org/W2040142284","https://openalex.org/W2042124323","https://openalex.org/W2045844656","https://openalex.org/W2046338576","https://openalex.org/W2050611040","https://openalex.org/W2051872723","https://openalex.org/W2056500480","https://openalex.org/W2057781447","https://openalex.org/W2061727757","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2075652159","https://openalex.org/W2083128979","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2085129259","https://openalex.org/W2091076299","https://openalex.org/W2093135704","https://openalex.org/W2093451445","https://openalex.org/W2098508968","https://openalex.org/W2100947383","https://openalex.org/W2104992654","https://openalex.org/W2111303254","https://openalex.org/W2111580864","https://openalex.org/W2117683018","https://openalex.org/W2118214926","https://openalex.org/W2122235704","https://openalex.org/W2122464624","https://openalex.org/W2124621676","https://openalex.org/W2126390573","https://openalex.org/W2136052425","https://openalex.org/W2137409440","https://openalex.org/W2138886665","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2143328267","https://openalex.org/W2143516309","https://openalex.org/W2145669403","https://openalex.org/W2148025216","https://openalex.org/W2148325642","https://openalex.org/W2151341607","https://openalex.org/W2154721966","https://openalex.org/W2156793244","https://openalex.org/W2160347366","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2164299266","https://openalex.org/W2168028135","https://openalex.org/W2169189000","https://openalex.org/W2170941890","https://openalex.org/W2176395472","https://openalex.org/W2182514343","https://openalex.org/W2197177211","https://openalex.org/W2257204888","https://openalex.org/W2293491888","https://openalex.org/W2293524822","https://openalex.org/W2326461200","https://openalex.org/W2344982855","https://openalex.org/W2395572751","https://openalex.org/W2405506115","https://openalex.org/W2461649332","https://openalex.org/W2482043262","https://openalex.org/W2508774639","https://openalex.org/W2511738219","https://openalex.org/W2522146934","https://openalex.org/W2533652213","https://openalex.org/W2536881237","https://openalex.org/W2537126746","https://openalex.org/W2537284801","https://openalex.org/W2551235702","https://openalex.org/W2569153801","https://openalex.org/W2572074546","https://openalex.org/W2589309664","https://openalex.org/W2605159090","https://openalex.org/W2605946985","https://openalex.org/W2607588891","https://openalex.org/W2620050178","https://openalex.org/W2641178619","https://openalex.org/W2704923930","https://openalex.org/W2724592263","https://openalex.org/W2739207898","https://openalex.org/W2742678714","https://openalex.org/W2754172502","https://openalex.org/W2756176095","https://openalex.org/W2759456125","https://openalex.org/W2761782810","https://openalex.org/W2762561030","https://openalex.org/W2765280606","https://openalex.org/W2765330780","https://openalex.org/W2779797561","https://openalex.org/W2781944693","https://openalex.org/W2783613868","https://openalex.org/W2783736948","https://openalex.org/W2784126800","https://openalex.org/W2786447331","https://openalex.org/W2795025935","https://openalex.org/W2800533254","https://openalex.org/W2802969504","https://openalex.org/W2809242972","https://openalex.org/W2911681169","https://openalex.org/W2912632670","https://openalex.org/W2949888546","https://openalex.org/W2964153462","https://openalex.org/W2990714382","https://openalex.org/W2997437965","https://openalex.org/W3043771006","https://openalex.org/W4256139019","https://openalex.org/W4256143970","https://openalex.org/W4289085709","https://openalex.org/W4309899499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2533239677","https://openalex.org/W2140593870","https://openalex.org/W4389545061","https://openalex.org/W2903861076","https://openalex.org/W3126377002","https://openalex.org/W2604576816","https://openalex.org/W4319078075","https://openalex.org/W2729608596","https://openalex.org/W2913345013","https://openalex.org/W2020816142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"biometrics":[3,34,93],"(e.g.,":[4],"fingerprint":[5],"or":[6,26],"face":[7],"recognition)":[8],"has":[9],"replaced":[10],"traditional":[11],"passwords":[12],"and":[13,85],"PINs":[14],"as":[15],"a":[16],"widely":[17],"used":[18],"method":[19],"for":[20,89],"user":[21],"authentication,":[22],"particularly":[23],"in":[24,81,95],"personal":[25],"mobile":[27],"devices.":[28],"Differing":[29],"from":[30],"state-of-the-art":[31],"biometrics,":[32],"heart":[33,92],"offer":[35],"the":[36,63,79],"advantages":[37],"of":[38,65],"liveness":[39],"detection,":[40],"which":[41],"provides":[42],"strong":[43],"tolerance":[44],"to":[45],"spoofing":[46],"attacks.":[47],"To":[48,74],"date,":[49],"several":[50],"authentication":[51],"methods":[52],"primarily":[53],"focusing":[54],"on":[55],"electrocardiogram":[56],"(ECG)":[57],"have":[58],"demonstrated":[59],"remarkable":[60],"success;":[61],"however,":[62],"degree":[64],"exploration":[66],"with":[67],"other":[68],"cardiac":[69,83],"signals":[70],"is":[71],"still":[72],"limited.":[73],"this":[75],"end,":[76],"we":[77],"discuss":[78],"challenges":[80],"various":[82],"domains":[84],"propose":[86],"future":[87],"prospectives":[88],"developing":[90],"effective":[91],"systems":[94],"real-world":[96],"applications.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
