{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080184346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409963.3410492","title":"Machine learning for load balancing in the Linux kernel","display_name":"Machine learning for load balancing in the Linux kernel","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080184346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409963.3410492","mag":"3080184346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3409963.3410492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409963.3410492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077447598","display_name":"Jingde Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingde Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032073929","display_name":"Subho S. Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7187-6569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subho S. Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043860236","display_name":"Zbigniew Kalbarczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6040-6865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew T. Kalbarczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067802693","display_name":"Ravishankar K. Iyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-3038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravishankar K. Iyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1243,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87646147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"67","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8039935827255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.6291090250015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linux-kernel","display_name":"Linux kernel","score":0.6019626259803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/configfs","display_name":"Configfs","score":0.5093151330947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.5043069124221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4920007884502411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3919883370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07144683599472046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8039935827255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.6291090250015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553261973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579","display_name":"Linux kernel","level":2,"score":0.6019626259803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94127936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160105","display_name":"Configfs","level":3,"score":0.5093151330947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.5043069124221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4920007884502411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3919883370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07144683599472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3409963.3410492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409963.3410492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8839516179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 13-37732","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309085","funder_display_name":"Center for Selective C-H Functionalization, National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309085","display_name":"Center for Selective C-H Functionalization, National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02h8v7m77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35708471","https://openalex.org/W2027917818","https://openalex.org/W2103789410","https://openalex.org/W2140057257","https://openalex.org/W2157189715","https://openalex.org/W2179783112","https://openalex.org/W2278852126","https://openalex.org/W2601478904","https://openalex.org/W2892951587","https://openalex.org/W2951172528","https://openalex.org/W3009842226","https://openalex.org/W3034430493","https://openalex.org/W4285776552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370449689","https://openalex.org/W2382003837","https://openalex.org/W2367644348","https://openalex.org/W2379421806","https://openalex.org/W2389042919","https://openalex.org/W2365356622","https://openalex.org/W2374864889","https://openalex.org/W2349666542","https://openalex.org/W2114651022","https://openalex.org/W119923507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,15],"OS":[1],"load":[2,78,103],"balancing":[3],"algorithm":[4],"governs":[5],"the":[6,38,45,69,101,107,119,125,141],"performance":[7],"gains":[8],"provided":[9],"by":[10,25,143],"a":[11,73,95],"multiprocessor":[12],"computer":[13],"system.":[14],"Linux's":[16],"Completely":[17],"Fair":[18],"Scheduler":[19],"(CFS)":[20],"scheduler":[21],"tracks":[22],"process":[23],"loads":[24],"average":[26],"CPU":[27],"utilization":[28,39],"to":[29],"balance":[30],"workload":[31],"between":[32],"processor":[33],"cores.":[34],"That":[35],"approach":[36],"maximizes":[37],"of":[40,116,131],"processing":[41],"time":[42],"but":[43],"overlooks":[44],"contention":[46],"for":[47,59,85],"lower-level":[48],"hardware":[49],"resources.":[50],"In":[51],"servers":[52],"running":[53],"compute-intensive":[54],"workloads,":[55],"an":[56,90,113,129],"imbalanced":[57],"need":[58],"limited":[60],"computing":[61],"resources":[62],"hinders":[63],"execution":[64],"performance.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"solves":[68],"above":[70],"problem":[71],"using":[72],"machine":[74],"learning":[75],"(ML)-based":[76],"resource-aware":[77],"balancer.":[79],"We":[80],"describe":[81],"(1)":[82],"low-overhead":[83],"methods":[84],"collecting":[86],"training":[87,109],"data;":[88,110],"(2)":[89],"ML":[91],"model":[92,98,127],"based":[93,105],"on":[94,106,118],"multi-layer":[96],"perceptron":[97],"that":[99,124],"imitates":[100],"CFS":[102],"balancer":[104],"collected":[108],"and":[111,137],"(3)":[112],"in-kernel":[114],"implementation":[115],"inference":[117],"model.":[120],"Our":[121],"experiments":[122],"demonstrate":[123],"proposed":[126],"has":[128],"accuracy":[130],"99%":[132],"in":[133],"making":[134],"migration":[135],"decisions":[136],"while":[138],"only":[139],"increasing":[140],"latency":[142],"1.9":[144],"\u03bcs.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}