{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163488303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409334.3452077","title":"Language agnostic model","display_name":"Language agnostic model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163488303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409334.3452077","mag":"3163488303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3409334.3452077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409334.3452077","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Southeast Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102250684","display_name":"Heena Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169615421","display_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n1hzn07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heena Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Tennessee State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Tennessee State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013867771","display_name":"Joshua L. Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169615421","display_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n1hzn07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua L. Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Tennessee State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Tennessee State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102250684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77604008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"229","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7469838261604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.35427552461624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3278387188911438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7469838261604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35427552461624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3278387188911438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3409334.3452077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3409334.3452077","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Southeast Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2536062280","https://openalex.org/W2772223236","https://openalex.org/W2800225499","https://openalex.org/W2900796872","https://openalex.org/W2912102236","https://openalex.org/W2951737564","https://openalex.org/W2956090150","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2969662548","https://openalex.org/W2970458645","https://openalex.org/W2972463128","https://openalex.org/W2976731213","https://openalex.org/W2980282514","https://openalex.org/W2999469879","https://openalex.org/W3001706919","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4248491679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1652311832","https://openalex.org/W2135396778","https://openalex.org/W4243252198","https://openalex.org/W2109507516","https://openalex.org/W1527862632","https://openalex.org/W2118300983","https://openalex.org/W4235530921","https://openalex.org/W3137189469","https://openalex.org/W1491366424","https://openalex.org/W2740990710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1],"platforms":[2],"can":[3,100],"struggle":[4],"to":[5,15,38,74,85,91,93,131,141,181],"enforce":[6],"rules":[7],"preventing":[8],"online":[9],"abuse":[10],"and":[11,87,113,125,189],"hate":[12],"speech":[13],"due":[14],"the":[16,33,64,69,79,95,163,174,182,185,193,196],"large":[17],"amount":[18],"of":[19,41,71,109,158,170,184,195],"content":[20,46],"that":[21],"must":[22],"be":[23],"manually":[24],"reviewed.":[25],"Machine":[26,82],"learning":[27],"approaches":[28],"have":[29,120],"been":[30],"proposed":[31],"in":[32,47,63,116],"literature":[34],"as":[35,128],"a":[36,155,167],"way":[37],"automate":[39],"much":[40],"these":[42],"labors,":[43],"but":[44],"social":[45],"multiple":[48],"languages":[49],"further":[50],"complicates":[51],"this":[52],"issue.":[53],"Past":[54],"work":[55],"has":[56],"focused":[57],"on":[58,173],"first":[59],"building":[60],"word":[61,106,114],"embeddings":[62,73,115],"target":[65],"language":[66,97],"which":[67],"limits":[68],"application":[70],"such":[72],"other":[75],"languages.":[76,118],"We":[77,99,119],"use":[78,102],"Google":[80],"Neural":[81],"Translator":[83],"(NMT)":[84],"identify":[86],"translate":[88],"Non-English":[89],"text":[90],"English":[92,135,144,187],"make":[94],"system":[96],"agnostic.":[98],"therefore":[101],"already":[103],"available":[104],"pre-trained":[105],"embeddings,":[107],"instead":[108],"training":[110],"our":[111],"models":[112],"different":[117,123],"experimented":[121],"with":[122,151,166],"word-embedding":[124],"classifier":[126],"pairs":[127],"we":[129],"aimed":[130],"assess":[132],"whether":[133],"translated":[134,175],"data":[136],"gives":[137],"us":[138,154],"accuracy":[139,157,169,178,183,194],"comparable":[140],"an":[142],"untranslated":[143,186,197],"dataset.":[145,199],"Our":[146],"best":[147],"performing":[148],"model,":[149],"SVM":[150],"TF-IDF,":[152],"gave":[153],"10-fold":[156,168],"95.56":[159],"percent":[160,172],"followed":[161],"by":[162],"BERT":[164],"model":[165],"94.66":[171],"data.":[176],"This":[177],"is":[179],"close":[180],"dataset":[188],"far":[190],"better":[191],"than":[192],"Hindi":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}