{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038090598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3408988","title":"Liquid resource types","display_name":"Liquid resource types","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038090598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3408988","mag":"3038090598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3408988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3408988","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3408988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3408988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016276175","display_name":"Tristan Knoth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tristan Knoth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA","University of California\u2014San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2014San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401412","display_name":"Di Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA","Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075068620","display_name":"Adam Reynolds","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA","University of California\u2014San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2014San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101496943","display_name":"Jan Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-0788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA","Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090671359","display_name":"Nadia Polikarpova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-173X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Polikarpova","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA","University of California\u2014San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2014San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08198338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"ICFP","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.8574178814888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7645578384399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.6879482269287109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6683957576751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.6217905282974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-consumption","display_name":"Resource consumption","score":0.5375689268112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-inference","display_name":"Type inference","score":0.4166659116744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.4106212556362152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3898411691188812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36124879121780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3356429934501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.23299100995063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16886135935783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16782262921333313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.8574178814888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7645578384399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.6879482269287109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6683957576751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.6217905282974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource consumption","level":2,"score":0.5375689268112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198370458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586459","display_name":"Type inference","level":3,"score":0.4166659116744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4106212556362152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3898411691188812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36124879121780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3356429934501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.23299100995063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16886135935783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16782262921333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3408988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3408988","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3408988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.16233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16233","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.16233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.16233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.16233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3038090598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3408988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3408988","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3408988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1467667629","display_name":"SHF: Small: Automatic Qualitative and Quantitative Verification of CUDA Code","funder_award_id":"2007784","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G23395002","display_name":"SHF: Small: Collaborative Research: Resource-Guided Program Synthesis","funder_award_id":"1814358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2617278512","display_name":"SHF: Small: Collaborative Research: Resource-Guided Program Synthesis","funder_award_id":"1812876","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2935204323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AA Contract FA8750-18-C-0092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3368583008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1801369, 1845514,1812876,1814358,2007784","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4895191527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-18-C-0092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7233169399","display_name":"CAREER: Marlin: A Unified Framework for Automatic and Interactive Quantitative Program Analysis","funder_award_id":"1845514","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3038090598.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3038090598.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15833160","https://openalex.org/W111511002","https://openalex.org/W144372381","https://openalex.org/W612689541","https://openalex.org/W1230660382","https://openalex.org/W1595456961","https://openalex.org/W1636902686","https://openalex.org/W1760139041","https://openalex.org/W1858945639","https://openalex.org/W1975575519","https://openalex.org/W1982529770","https://openalex.org/W1987927249","https://openalex.org/W1991292192","https://openalex.org/W1996748114","https://openalex.org/W2003295303","https://openalex.org/W2017274604","https://openalex.org/W2068055184","https://openalex.org/W2094647969","https://openalex.org/W2094878426","https://openalex.org/W2095867533","https://openalex.org/W2101085206","https://openalex.org/W2109863363","https://openalex.org/W2111366004","https://openalex.org/W2112969535","https://openalex.org/W2137062096","https://openalex.org/W2159756689","https://openalex.org/W2247087096","https://openalex.org/W2267469130","https://openalex.org/W2322420242","https://openalex.org/W2547267640","https://openalex.org/W2565334366","https://openalex.org/W2589084440","https://openalex.org/W2625924363","https://openalex.org/W2763435855","https://openalex.org/W2776364995","https://openalex.org/W2899269697","https://openalex.org/W2904828193","https://openalex.org/W2954494349","https://openalex.org/W2954641079","https://openalex.org/W2964755768","https://openalex.org/W2995074506","https://openalex.org/W4242321992","https://openalex.org/W4298195558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W897823096","https://openalex.org/W122942557","https://openalex.org/W1594742196","https://openalex.org/W2066550846","https://openalex.org/W1566466791","https://openalex.org/W2210665931","https://openalex.org/W2887819582","https://openalex.org/W2341413707","https://openalex.org/W2154913653","https://openalex.org/W3139128041","https://openalex.org/W3135988295","https://openalex.org/W3203124589","https://openalex.org/W97771631","https://openalex.org/W1502725244","https://openalex.org/W2156177921","https://openalex.org/W2892600584","https://openalex.org/W2261387040","https://openalex.org/W2002031906","https://openalex.org/W3173571493","https://openalex.org/W1577352907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"liquid":[3],"resource":[4,12,18,35,50,69,84,141,151],"types,":[5],"a":[6,67,131,156],"technique":[7],"for":[8,23,139],"automatically":[9,62,149],"verifying":[10],"the":[11,53,100,103,124,127],"consumption":[13],"of":[14,34,55,126,133],"functional":[15],"programs.":[16],"Existing":[17],"analysis":[19],"techniques":[20,27,41],"trade":[21],"automation":[22],"flexibility":[24],"\u2013":[25],"automated":[26],"are":[28],"restricted":[29],"to":[30,61,80,93,105,148],"relatively":[31],"constrained":[32],"families":[33],"bounds,":[36],"while":[37],"more":[38,115],"expressive":[39],"proof":[40],"admitting":[42],"value-dependent":[43],"bounds":[44,65,107,152],"rely":[45],"on":[46,66,119],"handwritten":[47],"proofs.":[48],"Liquid":[49],"types":[51,76],"combine":[52],"best":[54],"these":[56],"approaches,":[57],"using":[58],"logical":[59],"refinements":[60],"prove":[63,123],"precise":[64,116],"program\u2019s":[68],"consumption.":[70],"The":[71],"type":[72,128],"system":[73,104],"augments":[74],"refinement":[75],"with":[77,108],"potential":[78,96],"annotations":[79],"conduct":[81],"an":[82],"amortized":[83],"analysis.":[85],"Importantly,":[86],"users":[87],"can":[88],"annotate":[89],"data":[90,137],"structure":[91],"declarations":[92],"indicate":[94],"how":[95],"is":[97],"allocated":[98],"within":[99],"type,":[101],"allowing":[102],"express":[106],"polynomials":[109],"and":[110,135,143],"exponentials,":[111],"as":[112,114],"well":[113],"expressions":[117],"depending":[118],"program":[120],"values.":[121],"We":[122],"soundness":[125],"system,":[129],"provide":[130],"library":[132],"flexible":[134],"reusable":[136],"structures":[138],"conducting":[140],"analysis,":[142],"use":[144],"our":[145],"prototype":[146],"implementation":[147],"verify":[150],"that":[153],"previously":[154],"required":[155],"manual":[157],"proof.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}