{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046374425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409196","title":"Ransomware 2.0","display_name":"Ransomware 2.0","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046374425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409196","mag":"3046374425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3407023.3409196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409196","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332653","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-0918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45644089","display_name":"Albion College","ror":"https://ror.org/05nnk3913","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45644089"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Albion College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Albion College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45644089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101645589","display_name":"Qi Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-157X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1629065","display_name":"Central Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xawj266","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Michigan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Michigan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9859,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75516358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransomware","display_name":"Ransomware","score":0.9758281707763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransom","display_name":"Ransom","score":0.798093318939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5347330570220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.4463712275028229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39023640751838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.3774447739124298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.359843373298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11863651871681213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926331","display_name":"Ransomware","level":3,"score":0.9758281707763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414572","display_name":"Ransom","level":2,"score":0.798093318939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5347330570220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.4463712275028229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39023640751838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.3774447739124298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.359843373298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11863651871681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3407023.3409196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409196","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060145807","https://openalex.org/W2119359024","https://openalex.org/W2746324496","https://openalex.org/W2808131992","https://openalex.org/W2890203363","https://openalex.org/W2948913639","https://openalex.org/W2955105517","https://openalex.org/W2955798923","https://openalex.org/W2963054141","https://openalex.org/W2963604227","https://openalex.org/W2967019464","https://openalex.org/W3101595491","https://openalex.org/W4248806346","https://openalex.org/W4249269067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237045072","https://openalex.org/W4386388924","https://openalex.org/W2614042168","https://openalex.org/W2778994855","https://openalex.org/W4285276936","https://openalex.org/W2913313394","https://openalex.org/W4250052582","https://openalex.org/W4213358345","https://openalex.org/W4206259164","https://openalex.org/W4281476659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cybercrime":[0],"such":[1,19],"as":[2,20,97,99],"ransomware":[3,15,78,90,112,118,132,138,168,190,195],"denies":[4],"access":[5],"to":[6,69,126],"valuable":[7],"data":[8,96,143],"until":[9],"a":[10,43,57,66],"ransom":[11,83],"is":[12,114,187],"paid.":[13],"Recent":[14],"attacks":[16],"on":[17,35,137],"organizations":[18],"hospitals,":[21],"schools,":[22],"government":[23],"agencies":[24],"and":[25,62,85,105,146,163],"private":[26],"businesses":[27],"raise":[28],"public":[29],"awareness":[30],"of":[31,89,131,176,180],"the":[32,36,49,53,71,76,86,95,128,142,147,151,174,181],"severe":[33],"impact":[34],"society.":[37],"In":[38,166],"this":[39,155],"paper,":[40],"we":[41,64],"propose":[42],"hypothetical":[44],"new":[45,87,156],"revenue":[46,157],"model":[47,68,158],"for":[48,203],"ransomware,":[50],"i.e.,":[51],"selling":[52,94],"stolen":[54],"data.":[55],"Through":[56],"game-theoretical":[58],"analysis":[59],"between":[60,75],"attackers":[61,198],"victims,":[63],"contribute":[65],"novel":[67],"understand":[70],"critical":[72,188],"decision":[73],"variables":[74],"traditional":[77],"(ransomware":[79,91],"1.0)":[80],"-":[81,93],"demanding":[82,100],"only":[84],"type":[88],"2.0)":[92],"well":[98],"ransom.":[101],"Both":[102],"theoretical":[103],"modeling":[104],"simulation":[106],"studies":[107],"suggest":[108],"that":[109,123,184],"in":[110,140,189,194],"general":[111],"2.0":[113,169],"more":[115],"profitable":[116],"than":[117],"1.0.":[119],"Common":[120],"defensive":[121],"measures":[122],"may":[124,134,159,170],"work":[125,136],"eliminate":[127],"financial":[129],"incentives":[130],"1.0":[133,191],"not":[135,171,193],"2.0,":[139,196],"particular":[141],"backup":[144],"practice":[145],"never-pay-ransom":[148],"strategy.":[149],"Nevertheless,":[150],"uncertainties":[152],"created":[153],"by":[154],"affect":[160],"attackers'":[161],"reputation":[162,185,202],"users'":[164],"willingness-to-pay.":[165],"turn,":[167],"always":[172],"increase":[173],"profitability":[175],"attackers.":[177],"Another":[178],"finding":[179],"study":[182],"suggests":[183],"maximization":[186],"but":[192],"where":[197],"should":[199],"seek":[200],"imperfect":[201],"profit":[204],"maximization.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2020-08-07T00:00:00"}
