{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125913709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406522.3446023","title":"Cognitive Biases in Search","display_name":"Cognitive Biases in Search","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125913709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406522.3446023","mag":"3125913709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3406522.3446023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406522.3446023","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/75111/1/Azzopardi_CHIIR_2021_Cognitive_biases_in_search_a_review_and_reflection_of_cognitive_biases_in_information_retrieval.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048218964","display_name":"Leif Azzopardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6900-0557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leif Azzopardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048218964"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.6185,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99828876,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"27","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14308","display_name":"Psychological and Educational Research Studies","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6960594058036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmation-bias","display_name":"Confirmation bias","score":0.6368115544319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-bias","display_name":"Cognitive bias","score":0.5767245292663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-models-of-information-retrieval","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","score":0.5649457573890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5376611351966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5141863822937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-seeking","display_name":"Information seeking","score":0.4692022204399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4656693637371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4597613215446472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4201146364212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.4136416018009186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.41021281480789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3955395221710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3351597785949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.323105126619339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-information-retrieval","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","score":0.23162052035331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.21269944310188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6960594058036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79585631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431498","display_name":"Confirmation bias","level":2,"score":0.6368115544319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189216375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127759","display_name":"Cognitive bias","level":3,"score":0.5767245292663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21025794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141219","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","level":4,"score":0.5649457573890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5376611351966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5141863822937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776636917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3772297","display_name":"Information seeking","level":2,"score":0.4692022204399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4656693637371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4597613215446472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4201146364212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4136416018009186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.41021281480789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3955395221710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3351597785949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.323105126619339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90288658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318149","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","level":3,"score":0.23162052035331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.21269944310188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3406522.3446023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406522.3446023","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:75111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/517553.html>;","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/75111/1/Azzopardi_CHIIR_2021_Cognitive_biases_in_search_a_review_and_reflection_of_cognitive_biases_in_information_retrieval.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:75111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/517553.html>;","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/75111/1/Azzopardi_CHIIR_2021_Cognitive_biases_in_search_a_review_and_reflection_of_cognitive_biases_in_information_retrieval.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125913709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125913709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8513375","https://openalex.org/W1486461153","https://openalex.org/W1496069973","https://openalex.org/W1518436695","https://openalex.org/W1964596829","https://openalex.org/W1967498673","https://openalex.org/W1971070829","https://openalex.org/W1973693034","https://openalex.org/W1976304491","https://openalex.org/W1987831316","https://openalex.org/W1992549066","https://openalex.org/W1999764269","https://openalex.org/W2000270827","https://openalex.org/W2010645028","https://openalex.org/W2014721055","https://openalex.org/W2019492404","https://openalex.org/W2023260195","https://openalex.org/W2025695809","https://openalex.org/W2035569891","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2048437343","https://openalex.org/W2066994881","https://openalex.org/W2068751432","https://openalex.org/W2069049590","https://openalex.org/W2071446250","https://openalex.org/W2075585362","https://openalex.org/W2079106364","https://openalex.org/W2083719855","https://openalex.org/W2099865247","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2106925735","https://openalex.org/W2115281393","https://openalex.org/W2117503214","https://openalex.org/W2121813011","https://openalex.org/W2124371667","https://openalex.org/W2126281141","https://openalex.org/W2134440707","https://openalex.org/W2148962857","https://openalex.org/W2153763032","https://openalex.org/W2155587858","https://openalex.org/W2157581667","https://openalex.org/W2159205954","https://openalex.org/W2166741344","https://openalex.org/W2166743161","https://openalex.org/W2171664132","https://openalex.org/W2329959248","https://openalex.org/W2504948292","https://openalex.org/W2587944871","https://openalex.org/W2593021276","https://openalex.org/W2594739882","https://openalex.org/W2611909298","https://openalex.org/W2728515412","https://openalex.org/W2746400042","https://openalex.org/W2757575650","https://openalex.org/W2783668259","https://openalex.org/W2789620804","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2924756702","https://openalex.org/W2947427885","https://openalex.org/W2972940946","https://openalex.org/W2985204131","https://openalex.org/W2992252352","https://openalex.org/W2999347685","https://openalex.org/W3006279131","https://openalex.org/W3006299787","https://openalex.org/W3007389425","https://openalex.org/W3010990462","https://openalex.org/W3041802104","https://openalex.org/W3043886961","https://openalex.org/W3045906875","https://openalex.org/W3147653952","https://openalex.org/W3152157423","https://openalex.org/W4238998169","https://openalex.org/W4240908132","https://openalex.org/W4250042789","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4300539796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3023013730","https://openalex.org/W2015536026","https://openalex.org/W2050911281","https://openalex.org/W2733554571","https://openalex.org/W2906096140","https://openalex.org/W2289752551","https://openalex.org/W4405133690","https://openalex.org/W2019127462","https://openalex.org/W116198714","https://openalex.org/W2759429720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"People":[0],"are":[1],"susceptible":[2],"to":[3,136],"an":[4,25,68],"array":[5],"of":[6,28,97,146,160,194],"cognitive":[7,36,92,126,195],"biases,":[8],"which":[9],"can":[10],"result":[11,71],"in":[12,94,128,184,197],"systematic":[13],"errors":[14],"and":[15,41,44,86,100,106,111,143,164,170,181,191],"deviations":[16],"from":[17],"rational":[18],"decision":[19],"making.":[20],"Over":[21],"the":[22,88,95,147,158,167,186],"past":[23],"decade,":[24],"increasing":[26],"amount":[27],"attention":[29],"has":[30],"been":[31],"paid":[32],"towards":[33],"investigating":[34,173],"how":[35,48],"biases":[37,50,93,127,196],"influence":[38],"information":[39,64],"seeking":[40],"retrieval":[42],"behaviours":[43],"outcomes.":[45],"In":[46,76],"particular,":[47],"such":[49],"may":[51,59],"negatively":[52],"affect":[53],"decisions":[54],"because,":[55],"for":[56],"example,":[57],"searchers":[58],"seek":[60],"confirmatory":[61],"but":[62],"incorrect":[63],"or":[65],"anchor":[66],"on":[67,91,108,119],"initial":[69],"search":[70,148],"even":[72],"if":[73],"its":[74],"incorrect.":[75],"this":[77,161,174],"perspectives":[78],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,117],"aim":[81],"to:":[82],"(1)":[83],"bring":[84],"together":[85],"catalogue":[87],"emerging":[89],"work":[90],"field":[96],"Information":[98,198],"Retrieval;":[99],"(2)":[101],"provide":[102],"a":[103],"critical":[104],"review":[105],"reflection":[107,156],"these":[109],"studies":[110],"subsequent":[112],"findings.":[113],"During":[114],"our":[115],"analysis":[116],"report":[118],"over":[120,131],"thirty":[121],"studies,":[122],"that":[123],"empirically":[124],"examined":[125],"search,":[129],"providing":[130],"forty":[132],"key":[133],"findings":[134],"related":[135],"different":[137,144],"domains":[138],"(e.g.":[139,150],"health,":[140],"web,":[141],"socio-political)":[142],"parts":[145],"process":[149],"querying,":[151],"assessing,":[152],"judging,":[153],"etc.).":[154],"Our":[155],"highlights":[157],"importance":[159],"research":[162],"area,":[163],"critically":[165],"discusses":[166],"limitations,":[168],"difficulties":[169],"challenges":[171],"when":[172],"phenomena":[175],"along":[176],"with":[177],"presenting":[178],"open":[179],"questions":[180],"future":[182],"directions":[183],"researching":[185],"impact":[187],"---":[188,193],"both":[189],"positive":[190],"negative":[192],"Retrieval.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
