{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096680142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406309","title":"Improved Quantum Circuits via Intermediate Qutrits","display_name":"Improved Quantum Circuits via Intermediate Qutrits","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096680142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406309","mag":"3096680142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3406309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086527772","display_name":"Jonathan M. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0775-8274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan M. Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068519760","display_name":"Casey Duckering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-9644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casey Duckering","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025701892","display_name":"Pranav Gokhale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1946-4537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranav Gokhale","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002161252","display_name":"Natalie C. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-7223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie C. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087628620","display_name":"Kenneth R. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth R. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, Durham, NC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083979678","display_name":"Frederic T. Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9282-4645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederic T. Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86630208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toffoli-gate","display_name":"Toffoli gate","score":0.8856974840164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.6620973944664001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5120485424995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4830089807510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.4245557487010956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.41536659002304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3994455337524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3964288830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-gate","display_name":"Quantum gate","score":0.3411577343940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"Quantum error correction","score":0.3018447756767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.21236693859100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1373753845691681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142465778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2502619","display_name":"Toffoli gate","level":5,"score":0.8856974840164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.6620973944664001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5120485424995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4830089807510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.4245557487010956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.41536659002304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3994455337524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3964288830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.3411577343940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.3018447756767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.21236693859100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1373753845691681}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3406309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G138393070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Phy-1818914, CF-1730449/1832377","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579786114","https://openalex.org/W1629802966","https://openalex.org/W1971820243","https://openalex.org/W1980856895","https://openalex.org/W2001173726","https://openalex.org/W2006351171","https://openalex.org/W2018016759","https://openalex.org/W2025567609","https://openalex.org/W2045349850","https://openalex.org/W2053347617","https://openalex.org/W2063684073","https://openalex.org/W2071069174","https://openalex.org/W2074373974","https://openalex.org/W2080129141","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2095331031","https://openalex.org/W2102008187","https://openalex.org/W2102864190","https://openalex.org/W2103144206","https://openalex.org/W2112699581","https://openalex.org/W2188699105","https://openalex.org/W2199284176","https://openalex.org/W2375200430","https://openalex.org/W2521891848","https://openalex.org/W2557558706","https://openalex.org/W2567894779","https://openalex.org/W2586874551","https://openalex.org/W2609567360","https://openalex.org/W2611235676","https://openalex.org/W2618250661","https://openalex.org/W2726610744","https://openalex.org/W2740800173","https://openalex.org/W2743321595","https://openalex.org/W2765778411","https://openalex.org/W2787346803","https://openalex.org/W2900154994","https://openalex.org/W2949565804","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3099850910","https://openalex.org/W3102313129","https://openalex.org/W3104201096","https://openalex.org/W3111297213","https://openalex.org/W4237343003","https://openalex.org/W4239470260","https://openalex.org/W4253550658","https://openalex.org/W4255681033","https://openalex.org/W4300093953","https://openalex.org/W6645456388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1651824144","https://openalex.org/W2296345941","https://openalex.org/W2247222799","https://openalex.org/W2751254717","https://openalex.org/W4256177326","https://openalex.org/W4360611458","https://openalex.org/W1250648069","https://openalex.org/W3165240604","https://openalex.org/W4319663681","https://openalex.org/W3092615945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"computation":[1],"is":[2],"traditionally":[3],"expressed":[4],"in":[5,85,95,165],"terms":[6],"of":[7,53,162],"quantum":[8,103,185],"bits,":[9],"or":[10],"qubits.":[11],"In":[12],"this":[13],"work,":[14],"we":[15,120,158],"instead":[16],"consider":[17],"three-level":[18],"qu":[19],"trits":[20],".":[21],"Past":[22],"work":[23],"with":[24,116,170],"qutrits":[25,164,178],"has":[26],"demonstrated":[27],"only":[28],"constant":[29],"factor":[30],"improvements,":[31],"owing":[32],"to":[33,48],"the":[34,54,71,131,138,147,149,155,160],"log":[35],"2":[36],"(3)":[37],"binary-to-ternary":[38],"compression":[39],"factor.":[40],"We":[41],"present":[42],"a":[43,82,90,112,180],"novel":[44],"technique,":[45],"intermediate":[46,163],"qutrits,":[47],"achieve":[49],"sublinear":[50],"depth":[51,69,168],"decompositions":[52],"Generalized":[55,78],"Toffoli":[56,79,132],"and":[57,107,154],"other":[58,143],"arithmetic":[59],"circuits":[60],"using":[61],"no":[62,171],"additional":[63,172],"ancilla\u2014a":[64],"significant":[65],"improvement":[66,84],"over":[67,89,125],"linear":[68],"for":[70,99,122,130,137],"best":[72],"qubit-only":[73,91,139],"equivalents.":[74],"For":[75,141],"example,":[76],"our":[77,142],"construction":[80],"features":[81],"70\u00d7":[83],"two-qudit":[86],"gate":[87],"count":[88],"decomposition.":[92],"This":[93],"results":[94,176],"circuit":[96],"cost":[97],"reductions":[98],"important":[100],"algorithms":[101],"like":[102],"neurons,":[104],"Grover":[105],"search,":[106],"even":[108],"Shor\u2019s":[109],"algorithm.":[110],"Using":[111],"previously":[113],"developed":[114],"simulator":[115],"near-term":[117],"noise":[118],"models,":[119],"demonstrate":[121,159],"these":[123,175],"models":[124],"90%":[126],"mean":[127],"reliability":[128],"(fidelity)":[129],"construction,":[133],"versus":[134],"under":[135],"30%":[136],"baseline.":[140],"constructions,":[144],"such":[145],"as":[146],"Incrementer,":[148],"A":[150],"+":[151],"B":[152],"adder":[153],"+K":[156],"adder,":[157],"power":[161],"producing":[166],"asymptotic":[167],"improvements":[169],"ancilla.":[173],"Together,":[174],"suggest":[177],"offer":[179],"promising":[181],"path":[182],"toward":[183],"scaling":[184],"computation.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
