{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3156716744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3463250","title":"LeCaRD: A Legal Case Retrieval Dataset for Chinese Law System","display_name":"LeCaRD: A Legal Case Retrieval Dataset for Chinese Law System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3156716744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3463250","mag":"3156716744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404835.3463250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3463250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009070227","display_name":"Yixiao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2107-7408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yixiao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017827768","display_name":"Yunqiu Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1727-8311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqiu Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041525078","display_name":"Yueyue Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-8954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueyue Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100668121","display_name":"Yiqun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-4512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003393009","display_name":"Ruizhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6937-7653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402996","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3158-1920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760812","display_name":"Shaoping Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8762-8268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoping Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009070227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":49.4127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99835036,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2342","last_page":"2348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.7875126004219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7871311902999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6844372749328613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5456786751747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-expansion","display_name":"Query expansion","score":0.49295949935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4764959216117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.44075626134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4397762417793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4111132025718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33772575855255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21910032629966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.13895350694656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.13833466172218323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.7875126004219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7871311902999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6844372749328613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5456786751747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99016210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5488129","display_name":"Query expansion","level":2,"score":0.49295949935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4764959216117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44075626134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4397762417793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4111132025718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33772575855255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21910032629966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13895350694656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13833466172218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404835.3463250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3463250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005949547","https://openalex.org/W2592064971","https://openalex.org/W2593088329","https://openalex.org/W2767834779","https://openalex.org/W2799186944","https://openalex.org/W2885623281","https://openalex.org/W2945127593","https://openalex.org/W2968795457","https://openalex.org/W3034707327","https://openalex.org/W3099446234","https://openalex.org/W4206765718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366107444","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4388145910","https://openalex.org/W2381570729","https://openalex.org/W1976205134","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4248336175","https://openalex.org/W2031260042","https://openalex.org/W2130974462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Legal":[0,73],"case":[1,129],"retrieval":[2,24,34,160],"is":[3,168],"of":[4,13,32,64,102,117],"vital":[5],"importance":[6],"for":[7,48],"ensuring":[8],"justice":[9],"in":[10,22,110],"different":[11],"kinds":[12],"law":[14],"systems":[15],"and":[16,83,89,126,149],"has":[17],"recently":[18],"received":[19],"increasing":[20],"attention":[21],"information":[23],"(IR)":[25],"research.":[26],"However,":[27],"the":[28,62,71,98,108,172,176],"relevance":[29,111,118],"judgment":[30,119],"criteria":[31,120],"previous":[33],"datasets":[35,50,57],"are":[36,91,131],"either":[37],"not":[38,45,59],"applicable":[39],"to":[40,51,106,171],"non-cited":[41],"relationship":[42],"cases":[43,82,95],"or":[44],"instructive":[46],"enough":[47],"future":[49],"follow.":[52],"Besides,":[53],"most":[54],"existing":[55,159],"benchmark":[56],"do":[58],"focus":[60],"on":[61,162],"selection":[63],"queries.":[65],"In":[66,104],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69,113,137,156],"construct":[70],"Chinese":[72],"Case":[74],"Retrieval":[75],"Dataset":[76],"(LeCaRD),":[77],"which":[78],"contains":[79],"107":[80],"query":[81,141,147],"over":[84],"43,000":[85],"candidate":[86,128],"cases.":[87],"Queries":[88],"results":[90],"adopted":[92],"from":[93],"criminal":[94],"published":[96],"by":[97,122,133],"Supreme":[99],"People's":[100],"Court":[101],"China.":[103],"particular,":[105],"address":[107],"difficulty":[109,148],"definition,":[112],"propose":[114],"a":[115,139],"series":[116],"designed":[121],"our":[123],"legal":[124,134],"team":[125],"corresponding":[127],"annotations":[130],"conducted":[132],"experts.":[135],"Also,":[136],"develop":[138],"novel":[140],"sampling":[142],"strategy":[143],"that":[144],"takes":[145],"both":[146],"diversity":[150],"into":[151],"consideration.":[152],"For":[153],"dataset":[154,167],"evaluation,":[155],"implemented":[157],"several":[158],"models":[161],"LeCaRD":[163],"as":[164],"baselines.":[165],"The":[166],"now":[169],"available":[170],"public":[173],"together":[174],"with":[175],"complete":[177],"data":[178],"processing":[179],"details.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
