{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3152562554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462869","title":"B-PROP","display_name":"B-PROP","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3152562554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462869","mag":"3152562554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404835.3462869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056848863","display_name":"Xinyu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5511-9370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621320","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009898523","display_name":"Ruqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-2541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006971161","display_name":"Yixing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101767315","display_name":"Yingyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-2252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998682","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056848863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.807,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94327792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1513","last_page":"1522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.874869704246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6697558164596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6397731900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.5984606742858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5716708302497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5124529004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48629316687583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4759387969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3298576772212982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.874869704246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6697558164596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6397731900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.5984606742858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5716708302497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5124529004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48629316687583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4759387969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3298576772212982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404835.3462869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G422846197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006218, 61902381, 61773362, and 61872338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159389352","https://openalex.org/W1530210183","https://openalex.org/W1982314207","https://openalex.org/W2105157020","https://openalex.org/W2159665776","https://openalex.org/W2168859760","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2427527485","https://openalex.org/W2536015822","https://openalex.org/W2740321901","https://openalex.org/W2766284073","https://openalex.org/W2783640434","https://openalex.org/W2799054028","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2909544278","https://openalex.org/W2923890923","https://openalex.org/W2937036051","https://openalex.org/W2940927814","https://openalex.org/W2945127593","https://openalex.org/W2945802750","https://openalex.org/W2951434086","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W3005296017","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3034715004","https://openalex.org/W3092952717","https://openalex.org/W3098620803","https://openalex.org/W3098851962","https://openalex.org/W3099446234","https://openalex.org/W3100107515","https://openalex.org/W3102286003","https://openalex.org/W3105111366","https://openalex.org/W3115195983","https://openalex.org/W3130740619","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4288089799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384605597","https://openalex.org/W2387743295","https://openalex.org/W3082787378","https://openalex.org/W2136007095","https://openalex.org/W2366230879","https://openalex.org/W4288267738","https://openalex.org/W2964413124","https://openalex.org/W4388937922","https://openalex.org/W3113264705","https://openalex.org/W3098003361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pre-training":[0],"and":[1,27,134,183,186],"fine-tuning":[2,170],"have":[3,23],"achieved":[4],"remarkable":[5],"success":[6,30],"in":[7,86],"many":[8],"downstream":[9,172],"natural":[10],"language":[11,83,119,127],"processing":[12],"(NLP)":[13],"tasks.":[14,198],"Recently,":[15],"pre-training":[16,61,100],"methods":[17],"tailored":[18,140],"for":[19,60,107,129,142],"information":[20],"retrieval":[21,45,174,197],"(IR)":[22],"also":[24],"been":[25],"explored,":[26],"the":[28,32,64,72,80,87,116,124,130,139,153,166,190],"latest":[29],"is":[31,52,113],"PROP":[33,51,75,182],"method":[34,101,177],"which":[35],"has":[36],"reached":[37],"new":[38],"SOTA":[39,191],"on":[40,105,171,192],"a":[41,98,147,193],"variety":[42,194],"of":[43,50,74,195],"ad-hoc":[44,108,173,196],"benchmarks.":[46],"The":[47,110],"basic":[48],"idea":[49,112],"to":[53,114,122,156,161],"construct":[54],"therepresentative":[55],"words":[56,164],"prediction":[57],"(ROP)":[58],"task":[59,89,132],"inspired":[62,151],"by":[63,79,152],"query":[65],"likelihood":[66],"model.":[67],"Despite":[68],"its":[69],"exciting":[70],"performance,":[71],"effectiveness":[73],"might":[76],"be":[77],"bounded":[78],"classical":[81,125],"unigram":[82,126],"model":[84,120,128],"adopted":[85],"ROP":[88,131],"construction":[90],"process.":[91],"To":[92],"tackle":[93],"this":[94],"problem,":[95],"we":[96,145],"propose":[97],"bootstrapped":[99],"(namely":[102],"B-PROP)":[103],"based":[104],"BERT":[106,121,136],"retrieval.":[109],"key":[111],"use":[115],"powerful":[117],"contextual":[118],"replace":[123],"construction,":[133],"re-train":[135],"itself":[137],"towards":[138],"objective":[141],"IR.":[143],"Specifically,":[144],"introduce":[146],"novel":[148],"contrastive":[149],"method,":[150],"divergence-from-randomness":[154],"idea,":[155],"leverage":[157],"BERT's":[158],"self-attention":[159],"mechanism":[160],"sample":[162],"representative":[163],"from":[165],"document.":[167],"By":[168],"further":[169,187],"tasks,":[175],"our":[176],"achieves":[178],"significant":[179],"improvements":[180],"over":[181],"other":[184],"baselines,":[185],"pushes":[188],"forward":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00"}