{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047462776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404189","title":"Securing Branch Predictors with Two-Level Encryption","display_name":"Securing Branch Predictors with Two-Level Encryption","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047462776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404189","mag":"3047462776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404189","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3404189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3404189","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016864052","display_name":"Jaekyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0574-5381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156213","display_name":"American Rock Mechanics Association","ror":"https://ror.org/05vfrxy92","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaekyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arm Research, Austin, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arm Research, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103071867","display_name":"Yasuo Ishii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-0276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156213","display_name":"American Rock Mechanics Association","ror":"https://ror.org/05vfrxy92","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Ishii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arm, Austin, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arm, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012017340","display_name":"Dam Sunwoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-0340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156213","display_name":"American Rock Mechanics Association","ror":"https://ror.org/05vfrxy92","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dam Sunwoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arm Research, Austin, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arm Research, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016864052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83578587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8391909599304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-predictor","display_name":"Branch predictor","score":0.7749744653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6400133967399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6188454627990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.61014723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5972129106521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5826109647750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49807119369506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4722556173801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47218194603919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-execution","display_name":"Speculative execution","score":0.41993945837020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2974502444267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.26723408699035645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8391909599304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168522837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679552","display_name":"Branch predictor","level":2,"score":0.7749744653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6400133967399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6188454627990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.61014723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5972129106521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5826109647750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49807119369506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4722556173801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47218194603919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141331961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164465","display_name":"Speculative execution","level":2,"score":0.41993945837020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2974502444267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.26723408699035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404189","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3404189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3404189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3404189","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3404189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047462776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047462776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W2015691124","https://openalex.org/W2056778557","https://openalex.org/W2172060328","https://openalex.org/W2404948481","https://openalex.org/W2791034507","https://openalex.org/W2884163605","https://openalex.org/W2886430483","https://openalex.org/W2891854691","https://openalex.org/W2897494537","https://openalex.org/W2903910116","https://openalex.org/W2931030580","https://openalex.org/W2952265249","https://openalex.org/W2952322674","https://openalex.org/W2958594157","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2964281551","https://openalex.org/W3010786541","https://openalex.org/W3097990693","https://openalex.org/W3103451427","https://openalex.org/W4242220430","https://openalex.org/W4242926647"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117888911","https://openalex.org/W2139338109","https://openalex.org/W4389162411","https://openalex.org/W2434762079","https://openalex.org/W365166040","https://openalex.org/W2897302968","https://openalex.org/W44766235","https://openalex.org/W2043979743","https://openalex.org/W2142422634","https://openalex.org/W1977470888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"processors":[1],"rely":[2],"on":[3],"various":[4],"speculative":[5],"mechanisms":[6],"to":[7,21,53,71,82],"meet":[8],"performance":[9,130,137,164],"demand.":[10],"Branch":[11,36],"predictors":[12,37],"are":[13,38],"one":[14],"of":[15,32],"the":[16,41,57,91,96,100,108,113,125],"most":[17],"important":[18],"micro-architecture":[19],"components":[20],"deliver":[22],"performance.":[23],"However,":[24],"they":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27],"under":[28],"heavy":[29],"scrutiny":[30],"because":[31],"recent":[33,44],"side-channel":[34],"attacks.":[35,76],"indexed":[39],"using":[40,87,102],"PC":[42,101],"and":[43,55,162,171],"branch":[45,59,84,117,126,152],"histories.":[46],"An":[47],"adversary":[48],"can":[49,132],"manipulate":[50],"these":[51],"parameters":[52],"access":[54],"control":[56],"same":[58],"predictor":[60,85,118,127],"entry":[61],"that":[62,146,156],"a":[63,103,141],"victim":[64],"uses.":[65],"Recent":[66],"Spectre":[67],"attacks":[68],"exploit":[69],"this":[70,78],"set":[72,143],"up":[73],"speculative-execution-based":[74],"security":[75],"In":[77],"article,":[79],"we":[80,94,111,139],"aim":[81],"mitigate":[83],"side-channels":[86],"two-level":[88],"encryption.":[89],"At":[90,107],"first":[92],"level,":[93,110],"randomize":[95],"set-index":[97],"by":[98],"encrypting":[99],"per-context":[104],"secret":[105],"key.":[106],"second":[109],"encrypt":[112],"data":[114],"in":[115,150],"each":[116],"entry.":[119],"While":[120],"periodic":[121],"key":[122],"changes":[123],"make":[124],"more":[128],"secure,":[129],"degradation":[131,165],"be":[133],"significant.":[134],"To":[135],"alleviate":[136],"degradation,":[138],"propose":[140],"practical":[142],"update":[144],"mechanism":[145,158],"also":[147],"considers":[148],"parallelism":[149],"multi-banked":[151],"predictors.":[153],"We":[154],"show":[155],"our":[157],"exhibits":[159],"only":[160],"1.0%":[161],"0.2%":[163],"while":[166],"changing":[167],"keys":[168],"every":[169],"10K":[170],"50K":[172],"cycles,":[173],"respectively,":[174],"which":[175],"is":[176],"much":[177],"lower":[178],"than":[179],"other":[180],"state-of-the-art":[181],"approaches.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
