{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3058810697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3397226","title":"A Practical Learning-based Approach for Viewer Scheduling in the Crowdsourced Live Streaming","display_name":"A Practical Learning-based Approach for Viewer Scheduling in the Crowdsourced Live Streaming","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3058810697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3397226","mag":"3058810697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3397226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3397226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085140543","display_name":"Rui-Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-825X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui-Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University; Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-825X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University; Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614470","display_name":"Ming Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3561-5710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726859","display_name":"Kuaishou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0258as409","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kuaishou Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kuaishou Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057477098","display_name":"Tianchi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9378-6329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianchi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028344734","display_name":"Haitian Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitian Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701312","display_name":"Xin Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3563-3951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3563-3951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102951891","display_name":"Chenglei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-1037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047712495","display_name":"Lifeng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4057-5138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University; Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University; Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRist, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.289,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54810794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2s","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8643550872802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6793465614318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6034524440765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cls-upper-limits","display_name":"CLs upper limits","score":0.5300872921943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.5106754899024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4987978935241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4880122244358063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34333720803260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3389214873313904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8643550872802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6793465614318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6034524440765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190729725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5012817","display_name":"CLs upper limits","level":2,"score":0.5300872921943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5106754899024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4987978935241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4880122244358063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34333720803260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3389214873313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3397226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3397226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2240840263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61936011,61521002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521035521","https://openalex.org/W1965419123","https://openalex.org/W2013901835","https://openalex.org/W2033072307","https://openalex.org/W2046660101","https://openalex.org/W2090502325","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2157404363","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2424778531","https://openalex.org/W2604738573","https://openalex.org/W2744628735","https://openalex.org/W2751343396","https://openalex.org/W2767151733","https://openalex.org/W2767359317","https://openalex.org/W2883529420","https://openalex.org/W2890991187","https://openalex.org/W2896109682","https://openalex.org/W2950956365","https://openalex.org/W2951483775","https://openalex.org/W2965671543","https://openalex.org/W2967394917","https://openalex.org/W2981460594","https://openalex.org/W3010883527","https://openalex.org/W3101359755","https://openalex.org/W3150246531","https://openalex.org/W4253857705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024399153","https://openalex.org/W4319083788","https://openalex.org/W3022038857","https://openalex.org/W2122921656","https://openalex.org/W2889518240","https://openalex.org/W2159792221","https://openalex.org/W4364297044","https://openalex.org/W3165818939","https://openalex.org/W2000944423","https://openalex.org/W4287178306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scheduling":[0],"viewers":[1,92],"effectively":[2],"among":[3],"different":[4],"Content":[5],"Delivery":[6],"Network":[7],"(CDN)":[8],"providers":[9],"is":[10,101,151],"challenging":[11],"owing":[12],"to":[13,40,62,71,127,140],"the":[14,18,72,120,124,134,156,160,182,194,205,217],"extreme":[15],"diversity":[16],"in":[17,29,103,168],"crowdsourced":[19],"live":[20],"streaming":[21],"(CLS)":[22],"scenarios.":[23],"Abundant":[24],"algorithms":[25,112],"have":[26],"been":[27],"proposed":[28,174],"recent":[30],"years,":[31],"which,":[32],"however,":[33],"suffer":[34],"from":[35,74,163],"a":[36,64,144,164],"critical":[37],"limitation:":[38],"Due":[39],"their":[41],"inaccurate":[42],"feature":[43],"engineering":[44],"or":[45,117],"naive":[46],"rules,":[47],"they":[48],"cannot":[49],"optimally":[50],"schedule":[51],"viewers.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54],"this":[55],"concern,":[56],"we":[57,83,131,170,197],"put":[58],"forward":[59],"LTS":[60],"(Learn":[61],"Schedule),":[63],"novel":[65],"scheduling":[66,111],"algorithm":[67],"that":[68,89,172,200],"can":[69,108,180,202],"adapt":[70],"dynamics":[73],"both":[75],"viewer":[76],"traffics":[77],"and":[78,137,147,178],"CDN":[79],"performance.":[80],"In":[81],"detail,":[82],"first":[84],"propose":[85],"LTS-RL,":[86,130],"an":[87,104],"approach":[88],"schedules":[90],"CLS":[91,166],"based":[93],"on":[94],"deep":[95],"reinforcement":[96],"learning":[97,139],"(DRL).":[98],"Since":[99],"LTS-RL":[100,142,177,207],"trained":[102],"end-to-end":[105],"way,":[106],"it":[107],"automatically":[109],"learn":[110],"without":[113],"any":[114],"pre-programmed":[115],"models":[116],"assumptions":[118],"about":[119],"environment":[121],"dynamics.":[122],"At":[123,193],"same":[125,195],"time,":[126,196],"practically":[128],"deploy":[129],"then":[132],"use":[133],"decision":[135,218],"tree":[136],"imitation":[138],"convert":[141,204],"into":[143],"more":[145],"light-weighted":[146],"interpretable":[148],"model,":[149],"which":[150],"denoted":[152],"as":[153],"Fast-LTS.":[154],"After":[155],"extensive":[157],"evaluation":[158],"of":[159,185],"real":[161],"data":[162],"leading":[165],"platform":[167],"China,":[169],"demonstrate":[171,199],"our":[173],"model":[175],"(both":[176],"Fast-LTS)":[179],"improve":[181],"average":[183],"quality":[184],"experience":[186],"(QoE)":[187],"over":[188],"state-of-the-art":[189],"approaches":[190],"by":[191],"8.71--15.63%.":[192],"also":[198],"Fast-LTS":[201],"faithfully":[203],"complicated":[206],"with":[208],"slight":[209],"performance":[210],"degradation":[211],"(&lt;":[212],"2%),":[213],"while":[214],"significantly":[215],"reducing":[216],"time":[219],"(\u00d77--10).":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
