{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116244734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425191","title":"Unsupervised Learning Method for Exploring Students' Mental Stress in Medical Simulation Training","display_name":"Unsupervised Learning Method for Exploring Students' Mental Stress in Medical Simulation Training","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116244734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425191","mag":"3116244734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3395035.3425191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306506653","display_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066217049","display_name":"Yujin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9932-9409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155073","display_name":"Lille Neurosciences & Cognition","ror":"https://ror.org/04p94ax69","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3018718406","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115519","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/020cdve92","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190752583","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I4210091621","https://openalex.org/I4210115519","https://openalex.org/I70768539"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000, Lille, France","Lille Neurosciences & Cognition - U 1172","Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lille Neurosciences & Cognition - U 1172","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115519","https://openalex.org/I4387153239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017977139","display_name":"Mohamed Daoudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4219-7860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133642","display_name":"IMT Nord Europe","ror":"https://ror.org/042rh9p26","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210133642"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115519","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/020cdve92","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190752583","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I4210091621","https://openalex.org/I4210115519","https://openalex.org/I70768539"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Daoudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000, Lille, France","Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133642","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115519","https://openalex.org/I4387153239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036770387","display_name":"Ali Amad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-2910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155073","display_name":"Lille Neurosciences & Cognition","ror":"https://ror.org/04p94ax69","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3018718406","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Amad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition U1172 INSERM, Lille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition U1172 INSERM, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079174491","display_name":"Laurent Sparrow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-9363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166223","display_name":"Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives","ror":"https://ror.org/05rqwc876","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3018718406","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4210166223"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Sparrow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, SCALab UMR CNRS 9193, Lille, France","Laboratoire Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives - UMR 9193"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, SCALab UMR CNRS 9193, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166223","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives - UMR 9193","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166223"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031505821","display_name":"Fabien D\u2019Hondt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-0490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155073","display_name":"Lille Neurosciences & Cognition","ror":"https://ror.org/04p94ax69","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3018718406","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabien D'Hondt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition U1172 INSERM, Lille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition U1172 INSERM, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066217049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4210115519","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I4387155073"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.08,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9173913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"165","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6743242740631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6695595979690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.6670063734054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.614374577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5547272562980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.550428032875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5269587635993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.5175339579582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4922567903995514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4734622836112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.4631001651287079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.45057302713394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33059677481651306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6743242740631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6695595979690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6670063734054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.614374577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5547272562980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.550428032875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5269587635993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.5175339579582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4922567903995514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4734622836112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4631001651287079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45057302713394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33059677481651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3395035.3425191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306506653","display_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03666435v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.univ-lille.fr/hal-03666435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICMI '20: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION, Oct 2020, Virtual Event Netherlands, France. pp.165-170, ⟨10.1145/3395035.3425191⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147198365","https://openalex.org/W1239497932","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2024142856","https://openalex.org/W2032512569","https://openalex.org/W2040963510","https://openalex.org/W2184481998","https://openalex.org/W2189625117","https://openalex.org/W2587035538","https://openalex.org/W2742338588","https://openalex.org/W2792039411","https://openalex.org/W2937732310","https://openalex.org/W2979725068","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3184598945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622964048","https://openalex.org/W30315714","https://openalex.org/W1906975550","https://openalex.org/W1965274140","https://openalex.org/W779885325","https://openalex.org/W2150972844","https://openalex.org/W2393615320","https://openalex.org/W3110435694","https://openalex.org/W2001760863","https://openalex.org/W2185145003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"So":[0],"far,":[1],"stress":[2,36,112,182],"detection":[3],"technology":[4],"usually":[5],"uses":[6],"supervised":[7,149],"learning":[8,55,152],"methods":[9],"combined":[10],"with":[11,57,101,120,131,162],"a":[12],"series":[13],"of":[14,28,35,76,80,87,99,123,158,165],"physiological,":[15],"physical,":[16],"or":[17,136,175],"behavioral":[18],"signals":[19],"and":[20,38,83,116,144,150],"has":[21,45],"achieved":[22],"promising":[23],"results.":[24],"However,":[25],"the":[26,33,43,74,93,107,121,133,163,168],"problem":[27],"label":[29],"collection":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"latency":[34],"response":[37],"subjective":[39],"uncertainty":[40],"introduced":[41],"by":[42],"questionnaires":[44],"not":[46],"been":[47],"effectively":[48],"solved.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"proposes":[52],"an":[53,70],"unsupervised":[54,151],"method":[56],"K-means":[58,94],"clustering":[59],"for":[60],"exploring":[61],"students'":[62,110],"autonomic":[63],"responses":[64],"to":[65,91,178],"medical":[66],"simulation":[67,117,137],"training":[68],"in":[69,109],"ambulant":[71],"environment.":[72],"With":[73],"use":[75],"wearable":[77],"sensors,":[78],"features":[79],"electrodermal":[81],"activity":[82],"heart":[84],"rate":[85],"variability":[86],"subjects":[88],"are":[89],"extracted":[90],"train":[92],"model.":[95],"The":[96,154],"Silhouette":[97],"Score":[98],"0.49":[100],"two":[102],"clusters":[103],"was":[104,160],"reached,":[105],"proving":[106],"difference":[108],"mental":[111],"between":[113],"baseline":[114,134],"stage":[115],"stage.":[118],"Besides,":[119],"aid":[122],"external":[124],"ground":[125],"truth":[126],"which":[127],"could":[128],"be":[129],"associated":[130],"either":[132],"phase":[135],"phase,":[138],"four":[139],"evaluation":[140],"metrics":[141],"were":[142],"calculated":[143],"provided":[145],"comparable":[146],"results":[147],"concerning":[148],"methods.":[153],"highest":[155],"classification":[156],"performance":[157],"70%":[159],"reached":[161],"measure":[164],"precision.":[166],"In":[167],"future,":[169],"we":[170],"will":[171],"integrate":[172],"context":[173],"information":[174],"facial":[176],"image":[177],"provide":[179],"more":[180],"accurate":[181],"detection.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}