{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116945309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425190","title":"Enforcing Multilabel Consistency for Automatic Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Shoulder Pain Intensity","display_name":"Enforcing Multilabel Consistency for Automatic Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Shoulder Pain Intensity","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116945309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425190","mag":"3116945309","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34755152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3395035.3425190","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306506653","display_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstreams/ece6013c-57ce-45fc-8413-ecfdce3c6a6f/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025358974","display_name":"Diyala Erekat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diyala Erekat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061474275","display_name":"Zakia Hammal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zakia Hammal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087532095","display_name":"Maimoon Siddiqui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maimoon Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035668831","display_name":"Hamdi Dibeklio\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-7808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamdi Dibeklio\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95697432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"156","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10196","display_name":"Pain Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10196","display_name":"Pain Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6899396181106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6644265651702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5792439579963684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5297725200653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-assessment","display_name":"Pain assessment","score":0.5224946141242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-analogue-scale","display_name":"Visual analogue scale","score":0.518284022808075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5116701126098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.49923110008239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.4976830780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4733714461326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.4355202615261078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.39510226249694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.3638402819633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3426544666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-management","display_name":"Pain management","score":0.2053033411502838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6899396181106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6644265651702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5792439579963684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5297725200653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778282284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124832","display_name":"Pain assessment","level":3,"score":0.5224946141242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14184104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362526","display_name":"Visual analogue scale","level":2,"score":0.518284022808075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5116701126098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.49923110008239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4976830780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4733714461326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4355202615261078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.39510226249694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3638402819633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3426544666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983098980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621261","display_name":"Pain management","level":2,"score":0.2053033411502838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3395035.3425190","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306506653","display_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34755152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34755152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. ICMI (Conference)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.bilkent.edu.tr:11693/54924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11693/54924","pdf_url":"https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstreams/ece6013c-57ce-45fc-8413-ecfdce3c6a6f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400079","display_name":"Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","host_organization_name":"Bilkent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Enforcing Multilabel Consistency for Automatic Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Shoulder Pain Intensity","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7464549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8574156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8574156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8574156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Int Conf Multimodal Interact","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.bilkent.edu.tr:11693/54924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11693/54924","pdf_url":"https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstreams/ece6013c-57ce-45fc-8413-ecfdce3c6a6f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400079","display_name":"Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","host_organization_name":"Bilkent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Enforcing Multilabel Consistency for Automatic Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Shoulder Pain Intensity","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1194662781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21 NR016510","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337353","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Nursing Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G726908888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 NR018451","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337353","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Nursing Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337353","display_name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3zfr79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3116945309.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3116945309.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5949954","https://openalex.org/W1590099432","https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1972541753","https://openalex.org/W1978963692","https://openalex.org/W1979191094","https://openalex.org/W1989461254","https://openalex.org/W1990603357","https://openalex.org/W1999142075","https://openalex.org/W2002368249","https://openalex.org/W2005733474","https://openalex.org/W2062024333","https://openalex.org/W2090495691","https://openalex.org/W2098615198","https://openalex.org/W2101545465","https://openalex.org/W2105213416","https://openalex.org/W2106043670","https://openalex.org/W2148071321","https://openalex.org/W2153165457","https://openalex.org/W2330996833","https://openalex.org/W2508748475","https://openalex.org/W2587128043","https://openalex.org/W2810857694","https://openalex.org/W2962911949","https://openalex.org/W2963294582","https://openalex.org/W2963630024","https://openalex.org/W2979431738","https://openalex.org/W4290610135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2580729576","https://openalex.org/W4233374815","https://openalex.org/W2035691448","https://openalex.org/W3020104740","https://openalex.org/W3157095289","https://openalex.org/W3164876399","https://openalex.org/W2897631635","https://openalex.org/W2021004227","https://openalex.org/W2002728494","https://openalex.org/W2164007560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155,212],"standard":[1],"clinical":[2],"assessment":[3,112,218],"of":[4,19,47,62,79,113,140,146,157,198,204,219],"pain":[5,11,20,64,68,82,114,141,168,187,193,210,221],"is":[6,21,161,225],"limited":[7],"primarily":[8],"to":[9,133,235],"self-reported":[10,17,63,81,186,209,220],"or":[12],"clinician":[13],"impression.":[14],"While":[15],"the":[16,59,66,76,85,90,95,103,136,151,158,164,173,182,196,202,205],"measurement":[18,46,61,169],"useful,":[22],"in":[23,207],"some":[24],"circumstances":[25],"it":[26],"cannot":[27],"be":[28,229],"obtained.":[29],"Automatic":[30],"facial":[31,117],"expression":[32],"analysis":[33],"has":[34],"emerged":[35],"as":[36,100,102,231],"a":[37,54,110,120,232],"potential":[38],"solution":[39],"for":[40,58,109,144,167,239],"an":[41],"objective,":[42],"reliable,":[43],"and":[44,65,94,200,227],"valid":[45],"pain.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,72],"study,":[51],"we":[52,74,131],"propose":[53,132],"video":[55],"based":[56],"approach":[57],"automatic":[60,208,217],"observer":[67],"intensity,":[69],"respectively.":[70],"To":[71],"end,":[73],"explore":[75],"added":[77],"value":[78],"three":[80],"scales,":[83],"i.e.,":[84],"Visual":[86],"Analog":[87],"Scale":[88,92,98],"(VAS),":[89],"Sensory":[91],"(SEN),":[93],"Affective":[96],"Motivational":[97],"(AFF),":[99],"well":[101],"Observer":[104],"Pain":[105,175],"Intensity":[106],"(OPI)":[107],"rating":[108],"reliable":[111],"intensity":[115,188,222],"from":[116,170,223],"expression.":[118],"Using":[119],"spatio-temporal":[121],"Convolutional":[122],"Neural":[123,127],"Network":[124,128],"-":[125],"Recurrent":[126],"(CNN-RNN)":[129],"architecture,":[130],"jointly":[134],"minimize":[135],"mean":[137],"absolute":[138],"error":[139],"scores":[142,189],"estimation":[143],"each":[145],"these":[147],"scales":[148,194],"while":[149],"maximizing":[150],"consistency":[152,183],"between":[153,184],"them.":[154],"reliability":[156],"proposed":[159],"method":[160],"evaluated":[162],"on":[163],"benchmark":[165],"database":[166],"videos,":[171],"namely,":[172],"UNBC-McMaster":[174],"Archive.":[176],"Our":[177],"results":[178,214],"show":[179],"that":[180,216,242],"enforcing":[181],"different":[185,192],"collected":[190],"using":[191],"enhances":[195],"quality":[197],"predictions":[199],"improve":[201],"state":[203],"art":[206],"estimation.":[211],"obtained":[213],"suggest":[215],"videos":[224],"feasible,":[226],"could":[228],"used":[230],"complementary":[233],"instrument":[234],"unburden":[236],"caregivers,":[237],"specially":[238],"vulnerable":[240],"populations":[241],"need":[243],"constant":[244],"monitoring.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}