{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3114913926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425179","title":"Using Markov Models and Classification to Understand Face Exploration Dynamics in Boys with Autism","display_name":"Using Markov Models and Classification to Understand Face Exploration Dynamics in Boys with Autism","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3114913926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425179","mag":"3114913926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3395035.3425179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306506653","display_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031535232","display_name":"Sofie Vettori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-514X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Vettori","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023283182","display_name":"Jannes Nys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-3660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannes Nys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022604432","display_name":"Bart Boets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-667X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Boets","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031535232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3088,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48758465,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"507","last_page":"507"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11135","display_name":"Virology and Viral Diseases","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11123","display_name":"Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders","score":0.944599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7144025564193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism","display_name":"Autism","score":0.6356629729270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-contact","display_name":"Eye contact","score":0.6222925186157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","score":0.6059602499008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5687938332557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5551443696022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.5077012777328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.5024077892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4475131034851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4468761086463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-perception","display_name":"Face perception","score":0.42447629570961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.41829192638397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.410390704870224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40542691946029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.3067154288291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.2104680836200714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.1407470405101776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1157262921333313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7144025564193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.6356629729270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183553116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633546","display_name":"Eye contact","level":2,"score":0.6222925186157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.6059602499008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5687938332557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5551443696022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.5077012777328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5024077892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4475131034851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4468761086463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161657702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529895","display_name":"Face perception","level":3,"score":0.42447629570961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.41829192638397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.410390704870224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40542691946029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3067154288291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2104680836200714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1407470405101776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1157262921333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3395035.3425179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395035.3425179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306506653","display_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599530357","https://openalex.org/W2073851185","https://openalex.org/W2091028497","https://openalex.org/W2177526340","https://openalex.org/W2607262101","https://openalex.org/W2612893437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973689121","https://openalex.org/W2313107300","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W4320037918","https://openalex.org/W2796229485","https://openalex.org/W2406567157","https://openalex.org/W4311672568","https://openalex.org/W2085300222","https://openalex.org/W3164178421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scanning":[0],"faces":[1],"is":[2,79,314,353,359],"important":[3],"for":[4,76,114],"social":[5,14,19],"interactions,":[6],"and":[7,48,117,143,155,206],"maintaining":[8],"good":[9],"eye":[10,22,333],"contact":[11,23,334],"carries":[12],"significant":[13],"value.":[15],"Difficulty":[16],"with":[17,41,153],"the":[18,27,46,51,96,225,228,234,238,242,251,255,272,284,324,351,354],"use":[20],"of":[21,26,30,124,128,178,183,241,254,293,309],"constitutes":[24],"one":[25],"clinical":[28],"symptoms":[29],"autism":[31],"spectrum":[32],"disorder":[33],"(ASD).":[34],"It":[35],"has":[36],"been":[37],"suggested":[38],"that":[39,197,271,312,331,366],"individuals":[40],"ASD":[42,154,229,273,336],"look":[43,221],"less":[44],"at":[45,50],"eyes":[47,203,352],"more":[49,232,276,341,370],"mouth":[52,205],"than":[53,95,204],"typically":[54,156],"developing":[55,157],"individuals,":[56],"possibly":[57],"due":[58],"to":[59,100,119,146,202,216,224,283,317,350],"gaze":[60,67,243,279,295,343],"aversion":[61],"(Tanaka":[62],"&":[63,83],"Sung,":[64],"2016)":[65],"or":[66],"indifference":[68],"(Chevallier":[69],"et":[70,88,133,189],"al.,":[71,89,134,190],"2012).":[72],"Eye":[73,163],"tracking":[74,164],"evidence":[75],"this":[77,138,362,376],"hypothesis":[78],"mixed":[80],"(e.g.":[81,373],"Falck-Ytter":[82],"von":[84],"Hofsten,":[85],"2011;":[86],"Frazier":[87],"2017).":[90],"Face":[91],"exploration":[92,149,326],"dynamics":[93,150,240],"(rather":[94],"overall":[97],"looking":[98,193,348],"time":[99,194,349],"facial":[101],"parts)":[102],"might":[103,337],"be":[104,338,379],"altered":[105],"in":[106,151,176,213,335,361,369,382],"ASD.":[107],"Recent":[108],"studies":[109],"have":[110],"proposed":[111],"a":[112,125,261,300],"method":[113,139,377],"scanpath":[115],"modeling":[116],"classification":[118,144,262],"capture":[120],"systematic":[121],"patterns":[122],"diagnostic":[123],"given":[126],"class":[127],"observers":[129],"and/or":[130],"stimuli":[131],"(Coutrot":[132],"2018).":[135],"We":[136,236,269],"adopted":[137],"combining":[140],"Markov":[141,246],"Models":[142,247],"analyses":[145,195],"understand":[147],"face":[148,325],"boys":[152,159,220,230],"school-aged":[158],"(N":[160],"=":[161],"42).":[162],"data":[165],"were":[166,174],"recorded":[167],"while":[168,227],"participants":[169],"viewed":[170],"static":[171],"faces.":[172],"Faces":[173],"divided":[175],"areas":[177],"interest":[179],"(AOIs)":[180],"by":[181,289],"means":[182],"limited-radius":[184],"Voronoi":[185],"tessellation":[186],"(LRVT)":[187],"(Hessels":[188],"2016).":[191],"Proportional":[192],"show":[196],"both":[198],"groups":[199],"looked":[200,231],"longer":[201,223],"we":[207,259,305,364],"did":[208],"not":[209],"observe":[210],"group":[211,274,320],"differences":[212],"fixation":[214],"duration":[215],"these":[217],"features.":[218],"TD":[219,285],"significantly":[222],"nose":[226],"outside":[233],"face.":[235],"modeled":[237],"temporal":[239],"behavior":[244,280],"using":[245,264],"(MMs).":[248],"To":[249],"determine":[250],"individual":[252,357,383],"separability":[253],"resulting":[256],"transition":[257,291],"matrices":[258],"constructed":[260],"model":[263],"linear":[265],"discriminant":[266],"analysis":[267],"(LDA).":[268],"found":[270],"displays":[275],"exploratory":[277],"dynamic":[278],"as":[281,287],"compared":[282],"group,":[286],"indicated":[288],"higher":[290],"probabilities":[292],"moving":[294],"between":[296],"AOIs.":[297],"Based":[298],"on":[299,323],"leave-one-out":[301],"cross":[302],"validation":[303],"analysis,":[304],"find":[306],"an":[307],"accuracy":[308,358],"72%,":[310],"implying":[311],"there":[313],"72%":[315],"chance":[316],"correctly":[318],"predict":[319],"membership":[321],"based":[322],"dynamics.":[327],"These":[328],"results":[329],"indicate":[330],"atypical":[332],"manifested":[339],"through":[340],"frequent":[342],"shifting,":[344],"even":[345],"when":[346,367],"total":[347],"same.":[355],"Whereas":[356],"modest":[360],"experiment,":[363],"hypothesize":[365],"used":[368],"realistic":[371],"paradigms":[372],"real-life":[374],"interaction),":[375],"could":[378],"highly":[380],"accurate":[381],"separability.":[384]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}