{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127199199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394885.3431531","title":"A Multiple-Precision Multiply and Accumulation Design with Multiply-Add Merged Strategy for AI Accelerating","display_name":"A Multiple-Precision Multiply and Accumulation Design with Multiply-Add Merged Strategy for AI Accelerating","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127199199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394885.3431531","mag":"3127199199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394885.3431531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394885.3431531","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366512","display_name":"Song Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6685-8673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Song Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022808670","display_name":"Jiangyuan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-7524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangyuan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054524841","display_name":"Shouyi Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-572X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouyi Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358856","display_name":"Leibo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leibo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036023084","display_name":"Shaojun Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100366512"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54563766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"229","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.8745851516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8213591575622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6942431330680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.6544128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5859965682029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/16-bit","display_name":"16-bit","score":0.49102067947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4294784367084503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4288621246814728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41155770421028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.41134870052337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37823837995529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3651619553565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.35864412784576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14100223779678345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.8745851516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8213591575622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6942431330680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.6544128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5859965682029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33652231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194368","display_name":"16-bit","level":2,"score":0.49102067947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4294784367084503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4288621246814728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41155770421028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.41134870052337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37823837995529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3651619553565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.35864412784576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14100223779678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394885.3431531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394885.3431531","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966139910","https://openalex.org/W1983849809","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2053986583","https://openalex.org/W2097944423","https://openalex.org/W2107088801","https://openalex.org/W2134367482","https://openalex.org/W2143699720","https://openalex.org/W2153393267","https://openalex.org/W2153935355","https://openalex.org/W2154098113","https://openalex.org/W2773339846","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2982479999","https://openalex.org/W4254637757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3047198066","https://openalex.org/W4287691789","https://openalex.org/W3149259355","https://openalex.org/W2381537222","https://openalex.org/W2143046644","https://openalex.org/W1505735565","https://openalex.org/W2510531184","https://openalex.org/W2151970769","https://openalex.org/W2393067519","https://openalex.org/W2056359900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiply":[0],"and":[1,35,64,73,114,122,131,169,172,180,204,210],"accumulations(MAC)":[2],"are":[3],"fundamental":[4],"operations":[5,66],"for":[6,32,89,144,175,184],"domain-specific":[7],"accelerator":[8],"with":[9,154],"AI":[10],"applications":[11,130],"ranging":[12],"from":[13,76,128],"filtering":[14],"to":[15,50,112,167,208],"convolutional":[16],"neural":[17],"networks(CNN).":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"proposes":[21],"an":[22],"energy-efficient":[23],"MAC":[24,81,142,156,178],"design,":[25],"supporting":[26],"a":[27,52,84,105,149],"wide":[28],"range":[29],"of":[30,79],"bit-width,":[31],"both":[33,62],"signed":[34,63],"unsigned":[36,65],"operands.":[37],"Firstly,":[38],"based":[39],"on":[40],"the":[41,47,70,77,96,102,109,136,160,190,194],"classic":[42],"Booth":[43,48],"algorithm,":[44],"we":[45,139],"propose":[46,51],"algorithm":[49],"multiply-add":[53,85],"merged":[54,86],"strategy.":[55,98],"The":[56,116,200],"design":[57,87,162,191],"can":[58,124,164],"not":[59],"only":[60],"support":[61],"but":[67],"also":[68],"eliminate":[69],"delay,":[71,120],"area":[72,121,205],"power":[74,123,203],"overheads":[75],"adder":[78],"traditional":[80],"units.":[82],"Then":[83],"method":[88,163],"flexible":[90],"bit-width":[91,176,185],"adjustment":[92],"is":[93,206],"proposed":[94,137,161],"using":[95,135,148],"fusion":[97],"In":[99],"addition,":[100],"treating":[101],"addend":[103],"as":[104],"partial":[106],"product":[107],"makes":[108],"operation":[110,146],"easy":[111],"pipeline":[113],"balanced.":[115],"comprehensive":[117],"improvement":[118,174,201],"in":[119,202],"meet":[125],"various":[126],"requirements":[127],"different":[129],"hardware":[132],"design.":[133],"By":[134],"method,":[138],"have":[140],"synthesized":[141],"units":[143],"several":[145],"modes":[147],"SMIC":[150],"40-nm":[151],"library.":[152],"Comparison":[153],"other":[155],"designs":[157],"shows":[158],"that":[159],"achieve":[165],"up":[166,207],"24.1%":[168],"28.2%":[170],"PDP":[171],"ADP":[173],"fixed":[177],"designs,":[179],"28.43%":[181],"~":[182],"38.16%":[183],"adjustable":[186],"ones.":[187],"When":[188],"pipelined,":[189],"has":[192],"decreased":[193],"latency":[195],"by":[196],"more":[197],"than":[198],"13%.":[199],"8.0%":[209],"8.1%":[211],"respectively.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
