{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080309328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3403381","title":"An Automatic Approach for Generating Rich, Linked Geo-Metadata from Historical Map Images","display_name":"An Automatic Approach for Generating Rich, Linked Geo-Metadata from Historical Map Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080309328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3403381","mag":"3080309328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394486.3403381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3403381","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3394486.3403381","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery &amp; Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3394486.3403381","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100607161","display_name":"Zekun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9603-9329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zekun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045786247","display_name":"Yao\u2010Yi Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-0130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao-Yi Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015634385","display_name":"Sasan Tavakkol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4111-4958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasan Tavakkol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019254317","display_name":"Basel Shbita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3154-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basel Shbita","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036895728","display_name":"Johannes Uhl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-5915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes H. Uhl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087645671","display_name":"Stefan Leyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9180-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Leyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089542402","display_name":"Craig A. Knoblock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-4807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig A. Knoblock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100607161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8833,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76631795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3290","last_page":"3298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.9256606101989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8098828792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.6921709179878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6759552955627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.6463492512702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata-modeling","display_name":"Metadata modeling","score":0.4599778354167938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4570463299751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata-repository","display_name":"Metadata repository","score":0.43197891116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.37166833877563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1440151333808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12644755840301514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.9256606101989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8098828792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.6921709179878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6759552955627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.6463492512702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110326360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149476","display_name":"Metadata modeling","level":4,"score":0.4599778354167938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4570463299751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153048206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454922","display_name":"Metadata repository","level":3,"score":0.43197891116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37166833877563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1440151333808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12644755840301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394486.3403381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3403381","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3394486.3403381","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery &amp; Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394486.3403381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3403381","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3394486.3403381","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery &amp; Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1357038346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS 1564164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3516021988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS 1564164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","funder_display_name":"University of Southern California"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8236215563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1564164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","funder_display_name":"University of Southern California"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8255024850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS 1563933","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080309328.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080309328.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496513042","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2109268594","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2166008665","https://openalex.org/W2294369857","https://openalex.org/W2345402120","https://openalex.org/W2552414813","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2609650036","https://openalex.org/W2776035257","https://openalex.org/W2784050770","https://openalex.org/W2900774940","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2986313749","https://openalex.org/W2989238059","https://openalex.org/W2989337526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084772717","https://openalex.org/W1773645839","https://openalex.org/W2380261968","https://openalex.org/W3122624872","https://openalex.org/W3198863654","https://openalex.org/W2907247951","https://openalex.org/W2136226335","https://openalex.org/W2796209520","https://openalex.org/W2018424284","https://openalex.org/W2366936177"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Historical":[0],"maps":[1,21,27,40,155,181],"contain":[2],"detailed":[3],"geographic":[4],"information":[5],"difficult":[6],"to":[7,49,92,111,125],"find":[8],"elsewhere":[9],"covering":[10,156],"long-periods":[11],"of":[12,76,97,120,210],"time":[13],"(e.g.,":[14,53,79],"125":[15],"years":[16],"for":[17,144],"the":[18,23,51,64,69,94,135,168,198,211],"historical":[19,39,101,108,148,154,180],"topographic":[20],"in":[22,134,163,170],"US).":[24],"However,":[25],"these":[26],"typically":[28],"exist":[29],"as":[30,151,208],"scanned":[31],"images":[32,110],"without":[33],"searchable":[34,41],"metadata.":[35],"Existing":[36],"approaches":[37],"making":[38],"rely":[42],"on":[43],"tedious":[44],"manual":[45,66],"work":[46],"(including":[47],"crowd-sourcing)":[48],"generate":[50],"metadata":[52,121,133],"geolocations":[54],"and":[55,81,99,116,146,190],"keywords).":[56],"Optical":[57],"character":[58],"recognition":[59,70],"(OCR)":[60],"software":[61],"could":[62],"alleviate":[63],"required":[65],"work,":[67],"but":[68],"results":[71,193],"are":[72],"individual":[73],"words":[74],"instead":[75],"location":[77],"phrases":[78],"\"Black''":[80],"\"Mountain''":[82],"vs.":[83],"\"Black":[84],"Mountain'').":[85],"This":[86,104],"paper":[87],"presents":[88],"an":[89],"end-to-end":[90],"approach":[91,105,169],"address":[93],"real-world":[95],"problem":[96],"finding":[98,145],"indexing":[100,147],"map":[102,109,187],"images.":[103],"automatically":[106],"processes":[107],"extract":[112],"their":[113],"text":[114],"content":[115],"generates":[117],"a":[118,171],"set":[119],"that":[122],"is":[123],"linked":[124,132],"large":[126],"external":[127],"geospatial":[128],"knowledge":[129],"bases.":[130],"The":[131,201],"RDF":[136],"(Resource":[137],"Description":[138],"Framework)":[139],"format":[140],"support":[141],"complex":[142],"queries":[143],"maps,":[149],"such":[150],"retrieving":[152],"all":[153],"mountain":[157],"peaks":[158],"higher":[159],"than":[160],"1,000":[161],"meters":[162],"California.":[164],"We":[165,175],"have":[166,176],"implemented":[167],"system":[172],"called":[173],"mapKurator.":[174],"evaluated":[177],"mapKurator":[178],"using":[179],"from":[182],"several":[183],"sources":[184],"with":[185],"various":[186],"styles,":[188],"scales,":[189],"coverage.":[191],"Our":[192],"show":[194],"significant":[195],"improvement":[196],"over":[197],"state-of-the-art":[199],"methods.":[200],"code":[202],"has":[203],"been":[204],"made":[205],"publicly":[206],"available":[207],"modules":[209],"Kartta":[212],"Labs":[213],"project":[214],"at":[215],"https://github.com/kartta-labs/Project.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
