{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3031883024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394105","title":"Inverse Procedural Modeling of Branching Structures by Inferring L-Systems","display_name":"Inverse Procedural Modeling of Branching Structures by Inferring L-Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3031883024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394105","mag":"3031883024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016717473","display_name":"Jianwei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3376-1725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["NLPR, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NLPR, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102760703","display_name":"Haiyong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCAS and NTU Singapore, UCAS, Beijing, NTU Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCAS and NTU Singapore, UCAS, Beijing, NTU Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061742294","display_name":"Bed\u0159ich Bene\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-2112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bedrich Benes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036489223","display_name":"Oliver Deu\u00dfen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-2185"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Deussen","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIAT Shenzhen and University Konstanz"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIAT Shenzhen and University Konstanz","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100667567","display_name":"Xiaopeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0092-6474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NLPR, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NLPR, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091260693","display_name":"Dani Lischinski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6191-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dani Lischinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hebrew University of Jerusalem"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034304352","display_name":"Hui Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-0544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016717473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.735,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94524161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7473286390304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6070806980133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rewriting","display_name":"Rewriting","score":0.5772973299026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.526495635509491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism","display_name":"Formalism (music)","score":0.49787425994873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.4724355638027191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4541163444519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branching","display_name":"Branching (polymer chemistry)","score":0.44357264041900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.39593520760536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33142608404159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-tree","display_name":"Binary tree","score":0.1572294533252716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09472930431365967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7473286390304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6070806980133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154690210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668499","display_name":"Rewriting","level":2,"score":0.5772973299026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.526495635509491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.49787425994873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.4724355638027191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4541163444519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206175624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595731","display_name":"Branching (polymer chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.44357264041900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.39593520760536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33142608404159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.1572294533252716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09472930431365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3394105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3394105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kops.uni-konstanz.de:123456789/49640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1bwz7hxf8eixx3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401487","display_name":"KOPS (University of Konstanz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","host_organization_name":"University of Konstanz","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics ; 39 (2020), 5. - S. 1-13. - Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - ISSN 0730-0301. - eISSN 1557-7368","raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6345625846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61861130365, 61761146002, 61802406, and 61802362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22745672","https://openalex.org/W154669480","https://openalex.org/W1549847324","https://openalex.org/W1615924097","https://openalex.org/W1859552527","https://openalex.org/W1955601057","https://openalex.org/W1979092426","https://openalex.org/W1987419791","https://openalex.org/W2000690667","https://openalex.org/W2001496424","https://openalex.org/W2009351730","https://openalex.org/W2009925121","https://openalex.org/W2010769244","https://openalex.org/W2040102554","https://openalex.org/W2040939335","https://openalex.org/W2041411484","https://openalex.org/W2047901762","https://openalex.org/W2073549223","https://openalex.org/W2080574968","https://openalex.org/W2093211258","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2103815986","https://openalex.org/W2113004376","https://openalex.org/W2117088012","https://openalex.org/W2117878059","https://openalex.org/W2137635505","https://openalex.org/W2140965591","https://openalex.org/W2142225462","https://openalex.org/W2155710590","https://openalex.org/W2160026749","https://openalex.org/W2165654401","https://openalex.org/W2186222003","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2246664447","https://openalex.org/W2296148643","https://openalex.org/W2465314979","https://openalex.org/W2471222198","https://openalex.org/W2474846919","https://openalex.org/W2491179239","https://openalex.org/W2501192503","https://openalex.org/W2559984049","https://openalex.org/W2614914845","https://openalex.org/W2807380843","https://openalex.org/W2945766810","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964341242","https://openalex.org/W2967591670","https://openalex.org/W3003570873","https://openalex.org/W3004494160","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4238070559","https://openalex.org/W4239515185","https://openalex.org/W4241372395","https://openalex.org/W4286741771","https://openalex.org/W4312415879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120204135","https://openalex.org/W2139396251","https://openalex.org/W1796293478","https://openalex.org/W1577544887","https://openalex.org/W2168276503","https://openalex.org/W1573537275","https://openalex.org/W2105713543","https://openalex.org/W174435416","https://openalex.org/W2132239740","https://openalex.org/W3204937561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,33,113],"introduce":[1],"an":[2,96],"inverse":[3],"procedural":[4],"modeling":[5],"approach":[6,116],"that":[7,29,98,132],"learns":[8],"L-system":[9,97],"representations":[10],"of":[11,25,50,89,110,120],"pixel":[12],"images":[13],"with":[14],"branching":[15],"structures.":[16,141],"Our":[17],"fully":[18],"automatic":[19],"model":[20],"generates":[21],"a":[22,62,75,104,108,118],"compact":[23],"set":[24,109],"textual":[26],"rewriting":[27],"rules":[28],"describe":[30],"the":[31,56,83,87,90,100],"input.":[32],"use":[34],"deep":[35],"learning":[36],"to":[37,117],"discover":[38],"atomic":[39],"structures":[40,52,58],"such":[41],"as":[42,103],"line":[43],"segments":[44],"or":[45],"branchings.":[46],"Orientation":[47],"and":[48,55,69,107,127,129,138],"scaling":[49],"these":[51],"are":[53,59,72],"determined":[54],"detected":[57,91],"combined":[60],"into":[61,74],"tree.":[63],"The":[64,93],"initial":[65],"representation":[66],"is":[67,95],"analyzed,":[68],"repeating":[70],"parts":[71],"encoded":[73],"small":[76],"grammar":[77],"by":[78],"using":[79],"greedy":[80],"optimization":[81],"while":[82],"user":[84,136],"can":[85,134],"control":[86],"size":[88],"rules.":[92],"output":[94],"represents":[99],"input":[101,140],"image":[102],"simple":[105],"text":[106],"terminal":[111],"symbols.":[112],"apply":[114],"our":[115],"variety":[119],"examples,":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"its":[123],"robustness":[124],"against":[125],"noise":[126],"blur,":[128],"we":[130],"show":[131],"it":[133],"detect":[135],"sketches":[137],"complex":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}