{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038791271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3389189.3389192","title":"Towards detecting levels of alertness in drivers using multiple modalities","display_name":"Towards detecting levels of alertness in drivers using multiple modalities","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038791271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3389189.3389192","mag":"3038791271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3389189.3389192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3389189.3389192","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050375687","display_name":"Kais Riani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-7020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kais Riani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Dearborn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Dearborn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038949724","display_name":"Michalis Papakostas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michalis Papakostas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050462959","display_name":"Hussein Kokash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-8760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092198","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Flint","ror":"https://ror.org/01c3xc117","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Kokash","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Flint"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Flint","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020093775","display_name":"Mohamed Abouelenien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5351-5778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abouelenien","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Dearborn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Dearborn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070726773","display_name":"Mihai Burzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092198","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Flint","ror":"https://ror.org/01c3xc117","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Burzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Flint"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Flint","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082450455","display_name":"Rada Mihalcea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-6703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rada Mihalcea","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050375687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85228755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alertness","display_name":"Alertness","score":0.9575405120849609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.8279615640640259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.570779025554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28566688299179077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200678441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423044","display_name":"Alertness","level":2,"score":0.9575405120849609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.8279615640640259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.570779025554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28566688299179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3389189.3389192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3389189.3389192","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1628791547","https://openalex.org/W1655469623","https://openalex.org/W1661563386","https://openalex.org/W1982365346","https://openalex.org/W1991129058","https://openalex.org/W2014815679","https://openalex.org/W2015393976","https://openalex.org/W2032254851","https://openalex.org/W2067964981","https://openalex.org/W2094577405","https://openalex.org/W2135776491","https://openalex.org/W2147924864","https://openalex.org/W2155676008","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2564068158","https://openalex.org/W2582781338","https://openalex.org/W2767587627","https://openalex.org/W2782878056","https://openalex.org/W2790376713","https://openalex.org/W2805556738","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2810502892","https://openalex.org/W2917812625","https://openalex.org/W2952310898","https://openalex.org/W4240278694","https://openalex.org/W4250910818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W65758901","https://openalex.org/W2023599206","https://openalex.org/W2942324097","https://openalex.org/W3042082333","https://openalex.org/W3038791271","https://openalex.org/W60093136","https://openalex.org/W1968430047","https://openalex.org/W1597875123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distracted":[0],"and":[1,45,60,86,131,140,159],"drowsy":[2],"driving":[3,32,106],"are":[4],"two":[5,94],"very":[6],"common":[7],"causes":[8],"of":[9,17,30,38,93,148,156],"car":[10],"accidents":[11],"as":[12,57,142],"they":[13,143],"contribute":[14],"to":[15,41,49,115],"2.3%":[16],"all":[18],"the":[19,23,28,50,117,136,146,154],"fatalities":[20],"caused":[21],"on":[22,134],"US":[24],"roads.":[25],"Therefore,":[26],"in":[27,102],"era":[29],"smart":[31],"there":[33],"is":[34],"an":[35,83],"increased":[36],"need":[37],"technologies":[39],"able":[40],"monitor":[42],"driver's":[43],"alertness":[44,127,139],"provide":[46],"timely":[47],"alerts":[48],"driver.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,61],"conduct":[56],"pilot":[58],"study":[59],"present":[62],"a":[63,80,110],"preliminary,":[64],"yet":[65],"novel":[66],"multimodal":[67,105,120],"dataset,":[68],"collected":[69],"from":[70],"10":[71],"subjects":[72],"using":[73],"three":[74],"different":[75,149],"modalities.":[76],"Our":[77,129],"modalities":[78],"include":[79],"thermal":[81],"camera,":[82,85],"RGB":[84],"four":[87],"physiological":[88],"indicators.":[89],"The":[90,151],"dataset":[91,130],"consists":[92],"recording":[95],"sessions":[96],"for":[97,164],"each":[98],"subject,":[99],"thus,":[100],"offering":[101],"total":[103],"20":[104],"sessions.":[107],"We":[108],"propose":[109],"machine":[111],"learning":[112],"framework":[113],"aiming":[114],"investigate":[116],"hypothesis":[118,158],"that":[119],"features":[121],"have":[122],"higher":[123],"potential":[124],"towards":[125],"driver":[126],"detection.":[128],"analysis":[132],"focus":[133],"exploring":[135],"differences":[137],"between":[138],"drowsiness":[141],"intersect":[144],"with":[145],"presence":[147],"distractions.":[150],"results":[152],"highlight":[153],"validity":[155],"our":[157],"introduce":[160],"interesting":[161],"future":[162],"directions":[163],"research.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}