{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3087892092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392177","title":"Flake It 'Till You Make It","display_name":"Flake It 'Till You Make It","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3087892092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392177","mag":"3087892092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387940.3392177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392177","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038581120","display_name":"Owain Parry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-1274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Owain Parry","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084185098","display_name":"Gregory M. Kapfhammer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120506574","display_name":"Allegheny College","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgzjj54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120506574"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory M. Kapfhammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allegheny College"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allegheny College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120506574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088362471","display_name":"Michael Hilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-6902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078598020","display_name":"Phil McMinn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9137-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phil McMinn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038581120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5643,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8960766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.693623960018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.6288943290710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5917536616325378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.482243150472641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4731296896934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.37823614478111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.22495070099830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15223842859268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11763745546340942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.693623960018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.6288943290710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5917536616325378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.482243150472641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4731296896934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.37823614478111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.22495070099830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15223842859268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11763745546340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387940.3392177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392177","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1605771482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T015764/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976954202","https://openalex.org/W2040923543","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2954515777","https://openalex.org/W2955940099","https://openalex.org/W2968086426","https://openalex.org/W3106532184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231704780","https://openalex.org/W2083794993","https://openalex.org/W352609212","https://openalex.org/W1511772879","https://openalex.org/W4200340037","https://openalex.org/W4379115841","https://openalex.org/W608917066","https://openalex.org/W1485837041","https://openalex.org/W3204955359","https://openalex.org/W2352015183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"flaky":[1,24,80],"tests":[2,25,41,95],"pass":[3],"or":[4,22],"fail":[5],"nondeterministically,":[6],"without":[7],"any":[8],"code":[9],"changes,":[10],"they":[11],"are":[12,97,121],"an":[13],"unreliable":[14],"indicator":[15],"of":[16,127],"program":[17,159],"quality.":[18],"Developers":[19],"may":[20,42,50,64],"quarantine":[21],"delete":[23],"because":[26,61],"it":[27],"is":[28,59,82,136,141],"often":[29],"too":[30,39],"time":[31,74],"consuming":[32],"to":[33,53,75,94,115,143],"repair":[34,78,118,160],"them.":[35],"Yet,":[36],"since":[37],"decommissioning":[38],"many":[40],"ultimately":[43],"degrade":[44],"a":[45,56,79,84,151],"test":[46,81,129],"suite's":[47],"effectiveness,":[48],"developers":[49],"eventually":[51],"want":[52],"fix":[54],"them,":[55],"process":[57],"that":[58,71,96,102,113,132,157],"challenging":[60],"the":[62,72,125,128,133],"nondeterminism":[63],"have":[65],"been":[66],"introduced":[67],"previously.":[68],"We":[69,92,110],"contend":[70],"best":[73,89],"discover":[76],"and":[77,88,117,131],"when":[83],"developer":[85],"first":[86],"creates":[87],"understands":[90],"it.":[91],"refer":[93],"not":[98],"currently":[99],"flaky,":[100],"but":[101],"could":[103],"become":[104],"so,":[105],"as":[106],"having":[107],"latent":[108,119,139,167],"flakiness.":[109,168],"further":[111],"argue":[112],"efforts":[114],"expose":[116],"flakiness":[120,140],"valuable":[122],"in":[123],"ensuring":[124],"future-reliability":[126],"suite,":[130],"testing":[134],"cost":[135],"greater":[137],"if":[138],"left":[142],"manifest":[144],"itself":[145],"later.":[146],"Using":[147],"concrete":[148],"examples":[149],"from":[150],"real-world":[152],"program,":[153],"this":[154],"paper":[155],"posits":[156],"automated":[158],"techniques":[161],"will":[162],"prove":[163],"useful":[164],"for":[165],"surfacing":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
