{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081664723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387906.3388621","title":"An empirical study on self-fixed technical debt","display_name":"An empirical study on self-fixed technical debt","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081664723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387906.3388621","mag":"3081664723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387906.3388621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387906.3388621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technical Debt","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031284816","display_name":"Jie Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1868-0123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008359300","display_name":"Daniel Feitosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Feitosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083888080","display_name":"Paris Avgeriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paris Avgeriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031284816"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95484072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.8890038728713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"Debt","score":0.6204309463500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-asset","display_name":"Fixed asset","score":0.5986005067825317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-point","display_name":"Fixed point","score":0.5625501275062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5483130812644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5060269236564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.501763105392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prioritization","display_name":"Prioritization","score":0.46360480785369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-effects-model","display_name":"Fixed effects model","score":0.4576517641544342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.42584002017974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-cost","display_name":"Fixed cost","score":0.4217369556427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.23352211713790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.22404780983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21701082587242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2000022828578949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.19696959853172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.16718783974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15980440378189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.15371659398078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1304391622543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.12294545769691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.10959139466285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.09727564454078674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.8890038728713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.6204309463500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30472729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q955421","display_name":"Fixed asset","level":3,"score":0.5986005067825317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61445026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217608","display_name":"Fixed point","level":2,"score":0.5625501275062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5483130812644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5060269236564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.501763105392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.46360480785369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44970651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014030","display_name":"Fixed effects model","level":3,"score":0.4576517641544342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42584002017974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42866809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466764","display_name":"Fixed cost","level":2,"score":0.4217369556427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.23352211713790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.22404780983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21701082587242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2000022828578949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.19696959853172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.16718783974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15980440378189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15371659398078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1304391622543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.12294545769691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.10959139466285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.09727564454078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387906.3388621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387906.3388621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technical Debt","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/286e9d91-ff47-4149-bfe3-3b52f72baf78","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/286e9d91-ff47-4149-bfe3-3b52f72baf78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tan, J, Feitosa, D & Avgeriou, P 2020, An Empirical Study on Self-Fixed Technical Debt. in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt '20). ACM Press, Seoul, Republic of Korea, pp. 11-20, 3rd International Conference on Technical Debt, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 28/06/2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3387906.3388621","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:rug:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/286e9d91-ff47-4149-bfe3-3b52f72baf78","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/286e9d91-ff47-4149-bfe3-3b52f72baf78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt '20), 11 - 20","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8456569885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.17038 VISDOM","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325600","funder_display_name":"ITEA3"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325600","display_name":"ITEA3","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1833911422","https://openalex.org/W1913969462","https://openalex.org/W1975335185","https://openalex.org/W2004833623","https://openalex.org/W2028836139","https://openalex.org/W2045336717","https://openalex.org/W2056952837","https://openalex.org/W2057244851","https://openalex.org/W2076012125","https://openalex.org/W2076804800","https://openalex.org/W2105672266","https://openalex.org/W2130602377","https://openalex.org/W2137030454","https://openalex.org/W2142958724","https://openalex.org/W2395052532","https://openalex.org/W2395122565","https://openalex.org/W2496185117","https://openalex.org/W2576115447","https://openalex.org/W2626036987","https://openalex.org/W2759794714","https://openalex.org/W2767599271","https://openalex.org/W2767729231","https://openalex.org/W2797635743","https://openalex.org/W2807453842","https://openalex.org/W2885452136","https://openalex.org/W2942993174","https://openalex.org/W2947762622","https://openalex.org/W2954469728","https://openalex.org/W2966829940","https://openalex.org/W3101523611","https://openalex.org/W4233152543","https://openalex.org/W4239569505","https://openalex.org/W4249489731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288363977","https://openalex.org/W2363207286","https://openalex.org/W2935978086","https://openalex.org/W2906125024","https://openalex.org/W4389614345","https://openalex.org/W4200143572","https://openalex.org/W2355140250","https://openalex.org/W2356202201","https://openalex.org/W2372244000","https://openalex.org/W2393527600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Technical":[0],"Debt":[1,168,181,184],"(TD)":[2],"can":[3,195],"be":[4,58,171,188],"paid":[5],"back":[6],"either":[7],"by":[8,14,190,201,213],"those":[9],"that":[10,85,123,134],"incurred":[11],"it":[12,23],"or":[13],"others.":[15],"We":[16],"call":[17],"the":[18,40,62,87,116,129,135,142,151,164,203,215],"former":[19],"self-fixed":[20,59,66,88,132,155,172],"TD,":[21],"and":[22,35,60,100,133,147,173,182,199,212],"is":[24,47,61,138,157],"particularly":[25],"effective,":[26],"as":[27],"developers":[28,146],"are":[29,36,54,131,185],"experts":[30],"in":[31,106],"their":[32],"own":[33],"code":[34],"best-suited":[37],"to":[38,57,75,170,187],"fix":[39],"corresponding":[41],"TD":[42,48,53,67,94,206,218],"issues.":[43,162],"To":[44],"what":[45],"extent":[46],"self-fixed,":[49],"which":[50],"types":[51,92],"of":[52,65,90,93,115,128,144,154,166,205,217],"more":[55,107,124],"likely":[56,186],"remediation":[63,207],"time":[64,153],"shorter":[68,159,176],"than":[69,108,125,160],"non-self-fixed":[70,161],"TD?":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"attempts":[74],"answer":[76],"these":[77],"questions.":[78],"It":[79],"reports":[80],"on":[81],"an":[82],"empirical":[83],"study":[84],"analyzes":[86],"issues":[89,130,156],"five":[91],"(i.e.,":[95],"Code,":[96],"Defect,":[97],"Design,":[98],"Documentation":[99],"Test),":[101],"captured":[102],"via":[103],"static":[104],"analysis,":[105],"17,000":[109],"commits":[110],"from":[111],"20":[112],"Python":[113],"projects":[114],"Apache":[117],"Software":[118],"Foundation.":[119],"The":[120],"results":[121,194],"show":[122],"two":[126],"thirds":[127],"self-fixing":[136],"rate":[137],"negatively":[139],"correlated":[140],"with":[141],"number":[143],"commits,":[145],"project":[148],"size.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"survival":[152,177],"generally":[158],"Moreover,":[163],"majority":[165],"Defect":[167],"tends":[169],"has":[174],"a":[175],"time,":[178],"while":[179],"Test":[180],"Design":[183],"fixed":[189],"other":[191],"developers.":[192],"These":[193],"benefit":[196],"both":[197],"researchers":[198],"practitioners":[200],"aiding":[202],"prioritization":[204],"activities":[208],"within":[209],"development":[210,216],"teams,":[211],"informing":[214],"management":[219],"tools.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}