{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3085616720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904.3389254","title":"How are Deep Learning Models Similar?","display_name":"How are Deep Learning Models Similar?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3085616720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904.3389254","mag":"3085616720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387904.3389254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904.3389254","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8114&amp;amp;context=sis_research","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016492217","display_name":"Xiongfei Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiongfei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114067120","display_name":"Liangyu Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyu Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544262","display_name":"Bing Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-6089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468661","display_name":"Lei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083669929","display_name":"Yinxing Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-7151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinxing Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065190767","display_name":"Jianjun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-4352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016492217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5553,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75967246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"172","last_page":"183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clone","display_name":"clone (Java method)","score":0.7581011056900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7357549071311951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6104178428649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.6009343862533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"Software maintenance","score":0.5733583569526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5658882856369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.47552111744880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-evolution","display_name":"Software evolution","score":0.46282464265823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-analytics","display_name":"Software analytics","score":0.4289688766002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4251476526260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.4233299791812897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33539125323295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3243938088417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23414814472198486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81089528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134986","display_name":"clone (Java method)","level":3,"score":0.7581011056900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7357549071311951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6104178428649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.6009343862533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.5733583569526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5658882856369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.47552111744880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202105479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265013","display_name":"Software evolution","level":5,"score":0.46282464265823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171981572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554239","display_name":"Software analytics","level":5,"score":0.4289688766002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4251476526260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.4233299791812897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33539125323295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3243938088417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23414814472198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387904.3389254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904.3389254","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8114&amp;amp;context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904.3389254","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8114&amp;amp;context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904.3389254","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183494281","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1964788505","https://openalex.org/W2008085811","https://openalex.org/W2038782771","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2081561469","https://openalex.org/W2085698608","https://openalex.org/W2087206085","https://openalex.org/W2088479623","https://openalex.org/W2090634283","https://openalex.org/W2092816424","https://openalex.org/W2096491586","https://openalex.org/W2106487114","https://openalex.org/W2109227373","https://openalex.org/W2111295912","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2120322286","https://openalex.org/W2125260159","https://openalex.org/W2125513188","https://openalex.org/W2134244431","https://openalex.org/W2136099030","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2146659255","https://openalex.org/W2150855759","https://openalex.org/W2157532207","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2511803001","https://openalex.org/W2547625248","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2964882141","https://openalex.org/W3005940936","https://openalex.org/W3007157104","https://openalex.org/W3091388282","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4250325350","https://openalex.org/W4252251536","https://openalex.org/W4252829690","https://openalex.org/W4292014584","https://openalex.org/W6681648988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103526356","https://openalex.org/W1980601824","https://openalex.org/W2112911378","https://openalex.org/W1576738836","https://openalex.org/W2120293505","https://openalex.org/W2049696050","https://openalex.org/W4285175229","https://openalex.org/W2081435073","https://openalex.org/W2287452355","https://openalex.org/W2052228845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"has":[3,62,75],"been":[4,63,77],"successfully":[5],"applied":[6],"to":[7,45,70,97,110],"many":[8],"cutting-edge":[9],"applications,":[10],"e.g.,":[11],"image":[12],"processing,":[13],"speech":[14],"recognition,":[15],"and":[16,22,31,36,56,96],"natural":[17],"language":[18],"processing.":[19],"As":[20],"more":[21,23],"DL":[24,51,80,83,111],"software":[25,84,106],"is":[26,91],"made":[27],"open-sourced,":[28],"publicly":[29],"available,":[30],"organized":[32],"in":[33],"model":[34],"repositories":[35],"stores":[37],"(Model":[38],"Zoo,":[39],"ModelDepot),":[40],"there":[41],"comes":[42],"a":[43],"need":[44],"understand":[46],"the":[47,71,86,100],"relationships":[48],"of":[49,104],"these":[50],"models":[52],"regarding":[53],"their":[54],"maintenance":[55],"evolution":[57],"tasks.":[58],"Although":[59],"clone":[60,73,101],"analysis":[61,74,102],"extensively":[64],"studied":[65],"for":[66,79],"traditional":[67,105],"software,":[68],"up":[69],"present,":[72],"not":[76,93],"investigated":[78],"software.":[81,112],"Since":[82],"adopts":[85],"data-driven":[87],"development":[88],"paradigm,":[89],"it":[90],"still":[92],"clear":[94],"whether":[95],"what":[98],"extent":[99],"techniques":[103],"could":[107],"be":[108],"adapted":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
