{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027621902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387632","title":"Lipi Gnani","display_name":"Lipi Gnani","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027621902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387632","mag":"3027621902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101724699","display_name":"Himanshu Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-8708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. R. Shiva Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069802599","display_name":"A. G. Ramakrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-1955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. G. Ramakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101724699"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83345096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kannada","display_name":"Kannada","score":0.8957222104072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7229426503181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.6514347791671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5984923243522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unicode","display_name":"Unicode","score":0.5973464250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5671206712722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanskrit","display_name":"Sanskrit","score":0.5287332534790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.471342533826828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punctuation","display_name":"Punctuation","score":0.41509610414505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4021461009979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.22011971473693848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33673","display_name":"Kannada","level":2,"score":0.8957222104072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7229426503181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.6514347791671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5984923243522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500551929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8819","display_name":"Unicode","level":2,"score":0.5973464250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5671206712722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29912816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11059","display_name":"Sanskrit","level":2,"score":0.5287332534790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.471342533826828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540372491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82622","display_name":"Punctuation","level":2,"score":0.41509610414505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4021461009979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22011971473693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3387632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3387632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.iisc.ac.in:66996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401429","display_name":"ePrints@IISc (Indian Institute of Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","host_organization_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538460311","https://openalex.org/W1955872292","https://openalex.org/W1970026646","https://openalex.org/W1991574192","https://openalex.org/W1993636010","https://openalex.org/W2000965241","https://openalex.org/W2025031217","https://openalex.org/W2035575611","https://openalex.org/W2072393922","https://openalex.org/W2102532070","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2140135579","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2157788740","https://openalex.org/W2160545881","https://openalex.org/W2165637624","https://openalex.org/W2290479022","https://openalex.org/W2515744184","https://openalex.org/W2546095991","https://openalex.org/W2603415636","https://openalex.org/W3001645704","https://openalex.org/W4205869515","https://openalex.org/W4238410424","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4246239474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1953677193","https://openalex.org/W2936002343","https://openalex.org/W3113362864","https://openalex.org/W4225972421","https://openalex.org/W2544230285","https://openalex.org/W2611910490","https://openalex.org/W177725475","https://openalex.org/W1548006612","https://openalex.org/W1963984740","https://openalex.org/W2049304128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"Kannada":[1,28,67,91,123,158,203,220],"OCR,":[2,138,159,227],"called":[3],"Lipi":[4,213],"Gnani":[5,214],",":[6],"has":[7,120],"been":[8,41,100,206],"designed":[9],"and":[10,37,53,60,88,90,95,116,130,170,194,234,242],"developed":[11],"from":[12,43,49,188],"scratch,":[13],"with":[14],"the":[15,72,78,142,145,152,171,178,219,231,238],"motivation":[16],"of":[17,71,147,155,199,212,224,240],"it":[18,81],"being":[19],"able":[20],"to":[21,51,177],"convert":[22],"printed":[23,201],"text":[24],"or":[25],"poetry":[26],"in":[27,58,66,77,102,131,190,202],"script,":[29,204],"without":[30],"any":[31],"restriction":[32],"on":[33,218,230,237],"vocabulary.":[34],"The":[35,69,208],"training":[36],"test":[38,183],"sets":[39],"have":[40,99,205],"collected":[42],"more":[44],"than":[45,222],"35":[46],"books":[47,56,189],"published":[48],"1970":[50],"2002,":[52],"this":[54,104,150],"includes":[55],"written":[57,65],"Halegannada":[59],"pages":[61,187],"containing":[62,185],"Sanskrit":[63,232],"slokas":[64],"script.":[68],"coverage":[70],"OCR":[73,105,124],"is":[74,151,166,215],"nearly":[75],"complete":[76,157],"sense":[79],"that":[80,125,223],"recognizes":[82],"all":[83,161,198],"punctuation":[84],"marks,":[85],"special":[86],"symbols,":[87],"Indo-Arabic":[89],"numerals.":[92],"Several":[93],"minor":[94],"major":[96],"original":[97],"contributions":[98],"done":[101],"developing":[103],"at":[106],"different":[107],"processing":[108],"stages,":[109],"such":[110],"as":[111,127,139],"binarization,":[112],"character":[113],"segmentation,":[114],"recognition,":[115],"Unicode":[117],"mapping.":[118],"This":[119],"created":[121],"a":[122,156],"performs":[126],"good":[128],"as,":[129],"some":[132],"cases":[133],"better":[134],"than,":[135],"Google\u2019s":[136,225],"Tesseract":[137,226],"shown":[140],"by":[141],"results.":[143],"To":[144],"best":[146],"our":[148],"knowledge,":[149],"maiden":[153],"report":[154],"handling":[160],"issues":[162],"involved.":[163],"Currently,":[164],"there":[165],"no":[167],"dictionary-based":[168],"postprocessing,":[169],"obtained":[172],"results":[173],"are":[174],"due":[175],"solely":[176],"recognition":[179,210],"process.":[180],"Four":[181],"benchmark":[182],"databases":[184],"scanned":[186],"Kannada,":[191],"Sanskrit,":[192],"Konkani,":[193],"Tulu":[195],"languages,":[196],"but":[197],"them":[200],"created.":[207],"word-level":[209],"accuracy":[211],"5.3%":[216],"higher":[217,229,236],"dataset":[221],"8.5%":[228],"dataset,":[233],"23.4%":[235],"datasets":[239],"Konkani":[241],"Tulu.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-05-29T00:00:00"}