{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048366741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392397","title":"Fast and deep facial deformations","display_name":"Fast and deep facial deformations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048366741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392397","mag":"3048366741"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386569.3392397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392397","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386569.3392397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386569.3392397","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048740689","display_name":"Stephen W. Bailey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-1823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen W. Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049861647","display_name":"Dalton Omens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalton Omens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076483260","display_name":"Paul C. DiLorenzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Dilorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DreamWorks Animation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DreamWorks Animation","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001740205","display_name":"James F. O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-0542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James F. O'Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048740689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0158,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94122526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.789179265499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-animation","display_name":"Character animation","score":0.7201157808303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-facial-animation","display_name":"Computer facial animation","score":0.6195225119590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.5815184712409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.5783193111419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5388197302818298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.533928394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-capture","display_name":"Motion capture","score":0.5303319692611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5108925700187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-fidelity","display_name":"High fidelity","score":0.5039519667625427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5035781264305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5016508102416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-kinematics","display_name":"Inverse kinematics","score":0.5000483989715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-animation","display_name":"Computer animation","score":0.49668198823928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.4886622726917267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4719982147216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.4563184380531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4555046558380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.2236505150794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08971789479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08789703249931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08314478397369385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.789179265499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90697248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062896","display_name":"Character animation","level":4,"score":0.7201157808303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138591656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157538","display_name":"Computer facial animation","level":4,"score":0.6195225119590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5815184712409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.5783193111419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5388197302818298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.533928394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48007421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676252","display_name":"Motion capture","level":3,"score":0.5303319692611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5108925700187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5039519667625427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5035781264305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5016508102416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17816587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501872","display_name":"Inverse kinematics","level":3,"score":0.5000483989715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69369342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416","display_name":"Computer animation","level":3,"score":0.49668198823928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.4886622726917267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4719982147216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.4563184380531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4555046558380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2236505150794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08971789479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08789703249931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08314478397369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386569.3392397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392397","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386569.3392397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5jq3n3gf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jq3n3gf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol 39, iss 4","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386569.3392397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392397","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386569.3392397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048366741.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048366741.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977313519","https://openalex.org/W1993962870","https://openalex.org/W2010512491","https://openalex.org/W2037841262","https://openalex.org/W2038198107","https://openalex.org/W2040703987","https://openalex.org/W2047702343","https://openalex.org/W2053886812","https://openalex.org/W2055174129","https://openalex.org/W2056316267","https://openalex.org/W2072578292","https://openalex.org/W2086604609","https://openalex.org/W2093095635","https://openalex.org/W2106715340","https://openalex.org/W2124917223","https://openalex.org/W2127680956","https://openalex.org/W2134389879","https://openalex.org/W2144698593","https://openalex.org/W2152005648","https://openalex.org/W2164445273","https://openalex.org/W2398381847","https://openalex.org/W2402642024","https://openalex.org/W2518780089","https://openalex.org/W2554228903","https://openalex.org/W2623464795","https://openalex.org/W2739069563","https://openalex.org/W2806379360","https://openalex.org/W2810307462","https://openalex.org/W2810984579","https://openalex.org/W2891396148","https://openalex.org/W2911967907","https://openalex.org/W2963021451","https://openalex.org/W3101228253","https://openalex.org/W4230822856","https://openalex.org/W4231206500","https://openalex.org/W4234257842","https://openalex.org/W4240747635","https://openalex.org/W4249505770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251524041","https://openalex.org/W3094080214","https://openalex.org/W3088156289","https://openalex.org/W2097922480","https://openalex.org/W1521793179","https://openalex.org/W2060095971","https://openalex.org/W2964256366","https://openalex.org/W3040900128","https://openalex.org/W2047913249","https://openalex.org/W1977313519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Film-quality":[0],"characters":[1],"typically":[2],"display":[3],"highly":[4],"complex":[5],"and":[6,137,153,178,185],"expressive":[7],"facial":[8,71,187],"deformation.":[9],"The":[10],"underlying":[11],"rigs":[12],"used":[13],"to":[14,29,64,81,90,121,144],"animate":[15],"the":[16,31,49,56,69,82,91,103,106,134,161,171],"deformations":[17,51,96],"of":[18,52,79,105,115,124,158],"a":[19,41,76,155],"character's":[20],"face":[21],"are":[22],"often":[23],"computationally":[24],"expensive,":[25],"requiring":[26],"high-end":[27],"hardware":[28,152],"deform":[30],"mesh":[32,50],"at":[33],"interactive":[34,167,182],"rates.":[35],"In":[36,142],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,58],"present":[40],"method":[42],"using":[43],"convolutional":[44],"neural":[45],"networks":[46],"for":[47,93],"approximating":[48],"characters'":[53],"faces.":[54],"For":[55],"models":[57],"tested,":[59],"our":[60,129,176],"approximation":[61,92,131],"runs":[62],"up":[63],"17":[65],"times":[66],"faster":[67],"than":[68],"original":[70,83,107],"rig":[72,109],"while":[73],"still":[74],"maintaining":[75],"high":[77,146],"level":[78],"fidelity":[80],"rig.":[84,173],"We":[85,174],"also":[86,165],"propose":[87],"an":[88,112,125],"extension":[89],"handling":[94],"high-frequency":[95],"such":[97],"as":[98],"fine":[99],"skin":[100],"wrinkles.":[101],"While":[102],"implementation":[104],"animation":[108,172],"depends":[110],"on":[111,133,150,170],"extensive":[113],"set":[114],"proprietary":[116],"libraries":[117],"making":[118],"it":[119],"difficult":[120],"install":[122],"outside":[123],"in-house":[126],"development":[127],"environment,":[128],"fast":[130],"relies":[132],"widely":[135],"available":[136],"easily":[138],"deployed":[139],"TensorFlow":[140],"libraries.":[141],"addition":[143],"allowing":[145],"frame":[147],"rate":[148],"evaluation":[149],"modest":[151],"in":[154],"wide":[156],"range":[157],"computing":[159],"environments,":[160],"large":[162],"speed":[163],"increase":[164],"enables":[166],"inverse":[168],"kinematics":[169],"demonstrate":[175],"approach":[177],"its":[179],"applicability":[180],"through":[181],"character":[183],"posing":[184],"real-time":[186],"performance":[188],"capture.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
