{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046417578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405928","title":"The Effect of Informing Agency in Self-Directed Online Learning Environments","display_name":"The Effect of Informing Agency in Self-Directed Online Learning Environments","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046417578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405928","mag":"3046417578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405928","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032808035","display_name":"Benjamin Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019091316","display_name":"Greg L. Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-9727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg L. Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040350404","display_name":"Harshitha Akkaraju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harshitha Akkaraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090475940","display_name":"William W. Kwok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-4599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Kwok","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037160778","display_name":"Amy J. Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy J. Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2446,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9628331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"77","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.9109079837799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5204848647117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5026006698608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.41791510581970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3228845000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.09227132797241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.08234143257141113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.9109079837799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5204848647117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5026006698608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.41791510581970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3228845000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.09227132797241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08234143257141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405928","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4875480805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1735123, 1539179, 1703304, 1836813, 1450681, 12566082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307764","display_name":"Microsoft","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W534311","https://openalex.org/W104553443","https://openalex.org/W152758073","https://openalex.org/W160448112","https://openalex.org/W616464301","https://openalex.org/W633143363","https://openalex.org/W891400952","https://openalex.org/W1522024619","https://openalex.org/W1547627349","https://openalex.org/W1562748096","https://openalex.org/W1598820975","https://openalex.org/W1869777622","https://openalex.org/W1967448749","https://openalex.org/W1976624787","https://openalex.org/W1979594809","https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W1993325457","https://openalex.org/W2001208895","https://openalex.org/W2003161790","https://openalex.org/W2009415795","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2023062420","https://openalex.org/W2027738619","https://openalex.org/W2041900462","https://openalex.org/W2057834187","https://openalex.org/W2058166043","https://openalex.org/W2071248568","https://openalex.org/W2072405662","https://openalex.org/W2079429748","https://openalex.org/W2106076317","https://openalex.org/W2120556829","https://openalex.org/W2122025961","https://openalex.org/W2131502790","https://openalex.org/W2132738192","https://openalex.org/W2132961058","https://openalex.org/W2134833736","https://openalex.org/W2137501765","https://openalex.org/W2146057986","https://openalex.org/W2148962857","https://openalex.org/W2268120701","https://openalex.org/W2310280254","https://openalex.org/W2323834113","https://openalex.org/W2339576062","https://openalex.org/W2407835699","https://openalex.org/W2490896418","https://openalex.org/W2512013293","https://openalex.org/W2529403111","https://openalex.org/W2613995098","https://openalex.org/W2615786590","https://openalex.org/W2790195820","https://openalex.org/W2801371430","https://openalex.org/W2915686728","https://openalex.org/W2916082316","https://openalex.org/W2916697046","https://openalex.org/W2944936155","https://openalex.org/W2992775435","https://openalex.org/W3010598638","https://openalex.org/W3038002524","https://openalex.org/W3044291841","https://openalex.org/W3110775391","https://openalex.org/W3211146700","https://openalex.org/W4206176610","https://openalex.org/W4233362772","https://openalex.org/W4243216998","https://openalex.org/W4248036683","https://openalex.org/W4251988601","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6833780757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4234874385","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2323648130","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2157140558","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2378782423","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Choices":[0],"learners":[1,24],"make":[2,31],"when":[3],"navigating":[4],"a":[5,49,80],"self-directed":[6,50,131],"online":[7,132],"learning":[8],"tool":[9],"can":[10],"impact":[11],"the":[12,15,25,28,39,71,111,128],"effectiveness":[13],"of":[14,41,44,73,130],"experience.":[16],"But":[17],"these":[18,74],"tools":[19,133],"often":[20],"do":[21],"not":[22,101],"afford":[23],"agency":[26,47,91,114],"or":[27],"information":[29,45,93,116],"to":[30,34,53,97,110,126],"decisions":[32],"beneficial":[33],"their":[35],"learning.":[36,103],"We":[37,56,120],"evaluated":[38],"effect":[40,72],"varying":[42],"levels":[43],"and":[46,65,92,115],"in":[48,124],"environment":[51],"designed":[52],"teach":[54],"programming.":[55],"investigated":[57],"three":[58],"design":[59,129],"alternatives:":[60],"informed":[61,63,67],"high-agency,":[62],"low-agency,":[64],"less":[66],"high-agency.":[68],"To":[69],"investigate":[70],"alternatives":[75],"on":[76,118],"learning,":[77],"we":[78],"conducted":[79],"study":[81],"with":[82],"79":[83],"novice":[84],"programmers.":[85],"Our":[86],"results":[87,105,123],"indicated":[88],"that":[89,113],"increased":[90],"may":[94],"have":[95],"translated":[96],"more":[98],"motivation,":[99],"but":[100],"improved":[102],"Qualitative":[104],"suggest":[106],"this":[107],"was":[108],"due":[109],"burden":[112],"placed":[117],"decision-making.":[119],"interpret":[121],"our":[122],"relation":[125],"informing":[127],"for":[134],"learner":[135],"agency.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
