{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046780643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405924","title":"Using Information Visualization to Promote Students' Reflection on \"Gaming the System\" in Online Learning","display_name":"Using Information Visualization to Promote Students' Reflection on \"Gaming the System\" in Online Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046780643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405924","mag":"3046780643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405924","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-104762","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035687843","display_name":"Meng Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-9032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032737831","display_name":"Yuya Asano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-9905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuya Asano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069476228","display_name":"Joseph Jay Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9122-5242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Jay Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091466289","display_name":"Huamin Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-9694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huamin Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026376235","display_name":"Xiaojuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035687843"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8046,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91700293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"37","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7762370705604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7423216104507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.6801504492759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6176243424415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5884640216827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.5568966269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5286914706230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5165204405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15951701998710632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7762370705604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7423216104507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6801504492759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6176243424415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5884640216827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5568966269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5286914706230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5165204405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15951701998710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405924","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-104762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://lbdiscover.ust.hk/uresolver?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/HKUST:SPI&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=&rft.volume=&rft.issue=&rft.date=2020&rft.spage=&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Meng&rft.atitle=Using+Information+Visualization+to+Promote+Students%E2%80%99+Reflection+on+%E2%80%9CGaming+the+system%E2%80%9D+in+Online+Learning&rft.title=","pdf_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-104762","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-104762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-104762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-104762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://lbdiscover.ust.hk/uresolver?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/HKUST:SPI&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=&rft.volume=&rft.issue=&rft.date=2020&rft.spage=&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Meng&rft.atitle=Using+Information+Visualization+to+Promote+Students%E2%80%99+Reflection+on+%E2%80%9CGaming+the+system%E2%80%9D+in+Online+Learning&rft.title=","pdf_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-104762","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8350619585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITS/388/17FP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046780643.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120065238","https://openalex.org/W144734202","https://openalex.org/W1518446432","https://openalex.org/W1565016070","https://openalex.org/W1589525026","https://openalex.org/W2013726449","https://openalex.org/W2013728941","https://openalex.org/W2096363625","https://openalex.org/W2097985821","https://openalex.org/W2105043933","https://openalex.org/W2109901510","https://openalex.org/W2111954302","https://openalex.org/W2115486496","https://openalex.org/W2123516782","https://openalex.org/W2126943286","https://openalex.org/W2151896683","https://openalex.org/W2157149779","https://openalex.org/W2160232633","https://openalex.org/W2163640453","https://openalex.org/W2223603717","https://openalex.org/W2258103373","https://openalex.org/W2259072583","https://openalex.org/W2336059263","https://openalex.org/W2498731861","https://openalex.org/W2536379393","https://openalex.org/W2610687266","https://openalex.org/W2736743378","https://openalex.org/W2752099845","https://openalex.org/W2752461195","https://openalex.org/W2753303513","https://openalex.org/W2779092424","https://openalex.org/W2809138487","https://openalex.org/W2809437853","https://openalex.org/W2900982114","https://openalex.org/W2915829859","https://openalex.org/W2917560744","https://openalex.org/W2921749780","https://openalex.org/W2940495820","https://openalex.org/W2940983426","https://openalex.org/W2941211423","https://openalex.org/W2963258072","https://openalex.org/W2963271501","https://openalex.org/W2969737323","https://openalex.org/W4232684135","https://openalex.org/W4323966317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3022067003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\"Gaming":[0],"the":[1,4,17,23,37,41,118],"system\"":[2],"is":[3],"phenomenon":[5],"where":[6],"students":[7,50,87],"attempt":[8],"to":[9,28,44,54,64,73],"perform":[10],"well":[11],"by":[12,39,69],"systematically":[13],"exploiting":[14],"properties":[15],"of":[16,131],"learning":[18,22,31,105],"system,":[19],"rather":[20],"than":[21],"material.":[24],"Frequent":[25],"gaming":[26,49,83,135],"tends":[27],"cause":[29],"bad":[30],"outcomes.":[32],"Though":[33],"existing":[34],"studies":[35],"tackle":[36],"problem":[38],"redesigning":[40],"system":[42],"workflow":[43],"change":[45],"students'":[46,67,122],"behaviors":[47],"automatically,":[48],"discover":[51],"new":[52],"ways":[53],"game.":[55],"We":[56,96],"instead":[57],"propose":[58],"a":[59,102],"novel":[60],"way,":[61],"reflective":[62,145],"nudge,":[63],"reflectively":[65],"influence":[66],"attitudes":[68],"conveying":[70],"reasons":[71],"not":[72],"game":[74],"via":[75],"information":[76,99],"visualizations.":[77,95],"Particularly,":[78],"we":[79,113,141],"identify":[80],"three":[81,92],"common":[82],"contexts":[84],"and":[85,88,110,126,148],"involve":[86],"instructors":[89],"in":[90,101],"co-designing":[91],"context-specific":[93],"persuasive":[94],"deploy":[97],"our":[98],"visualizations":[100],"real":[103],"online":[104],"platform.":[106],"Through":[107],"embedded":[108],"surveys":[109],"in-person":[111],"interviews,":[112],"find":[114],"some":[115],"evidence":[116],"that":[117,129],"designs":[119,147],"can":[120,133],"promote":[121],"reflection":[123],"on":[124],"gaming,":[125],"suggestive":[127],"data":[128],"two":[130],"them":[132],"reduce":[134],"compared":[136],"with":[137],"control":[138],"groups.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"present":[142],"insights":[143],"into":[144],"nudge":[146],"practical":[149],"issues":[150],"concerning":[151],"deployment.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
