{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046707823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405920","title":"Toward Learning at Scale in Developing Countries","display_name":"Toward Learning at Scale in Developing Countries","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046707823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405920","mag":"3046707823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405920","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386527.3405920","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386527.3405920","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073552070","display_name":"Andrew McReynolds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-5156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76766440","display_name":"University of San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/029m7xn54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76766440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew A. McReynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76766440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066238926","display_name":"Sheba P. Naderzad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheba P. Naderzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032798300","display_name":"Mononito Goswami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4117-5558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863896202","display_name":"Delhi Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztcvt22","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mononito Goswami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056680874","display_name":"Jack Mostow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Mostow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3928,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86654507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"175","last_page":"183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workaround","display_name":"Workaround","score":0.7111570835113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6174279451370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzania","display_name":"Tanzania","score":0.6018965840339661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-country","display_name":"Developing country","score":0.5676197409629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5664752721786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5072519183158875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.48266103863716125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.47983595728874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.43606898188591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37281423807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20608806610107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.13134902715682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.12560901045799255}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194541083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q457174","display_name":"Workaround","level":2,"score":0.7111570835113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6174279451370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.6018965840339661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.5676197409629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5664752721786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5072519183158875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48266103863716125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.47983595728874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.43606898188591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37281423807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20608806610107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13134902715682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.12560901045799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405920","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386527.3405920","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386527.3405920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3405920","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386527.3405920","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046707823.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046707823.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575808869","https://openalex.org/W1570853254","https://openalex.org/W2148560654","https://openalex.org/W2161486622","https://openalex.org/W2605718259","https://openalex.org/W2808887932","https://openalex.org/W2992708093","https://openalex.org/W3157326745","https://openalex.org/W4252712015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381612620","https://openalex.org/W2950380533","https://openalex.org/W2998499456","https://openalex.org/W2893207040","https://openalex.org/W3127868735","https://openalex.org/W1840516357","https://openalex.org/W2753986652","https://openalex.org/W4387616455","https://openalex.org/W971576836","https://openalex.org/W4224232669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1,8,20,49,60,76,94,97],"education":[2],"technology":[3],"are":[4],"enabling":[5],"tremendous":[6],"advances":[7],"learning":[9,57,86,134],"at":[10,58],"scale.":[11],"However,":[12],"they":[13],"typically":[14],"assume":[15],"resources":[16],"taken":[17],"for":[18],"granted":[19],"developed":[21],"countries,":[22],"including":[23],"reliable":[24],"electricity,":[25],"high-bandwidth":[26],"Internet":[27],"access,":[28],"fast":[29],"WiFi,":[30],"powerful":[31],"computers,":[32],"sophisticated":[33],"sensors,":[34],"and":[35,72,87,115,131],"expert":[36],"technical":[37],"support":[38],"to":[39,84,103],"keep":[40],"it":[41,69],"all":[42],"working.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"examines":[46],"these":[47],"assumptions":[48],"the":[50,122],"context":[51],"of":[52,56,82,125],"a":[53,61,77],"massive":[54],"test":[55,110],"scale":[59],"developing":[62],"country.":[63],"We":[64,99,120],"examine":[65],"each":[66],"assumption,":[67],"how":[68,107],"was":[70],"broken,":[71],"some":[73],"workarounds":[74],"used":[75],"15-month-long":[78],"independent":[79],"controlled":[80],"evaluation":[81],"pre-":[83],"posttest":[85],"social-emotional":[88,113],"gains":[89,102],"by":[90],"over":[91],"2,000":[92],"children":[93],"168":[95],"villages":[96],"Tanzania.":[98],"analyze":[100],"those":[101],"characterize":[104],"who":[105],"gained":[106],"much,":[108],"using":[109],"score":[111],"data,":[112],"measures,":[114],"detailed":[116],"logs":[117],"from":[118],"RoboTutor.":[119],"quantify":[121],"relative":[123],"impact":[124],"pretest":[126],"scores,":[127],"literate":[128],"aspirations,":[129],"treatment,":[130],"usage":[132],"on":[133],"gains.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}