{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083643335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407594","title":"Is It Approximate Computing or Malicious Computing?","display_name":"Is It Approximate Computing or Malicious Computing?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083643335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407594","mag":"3083643335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386263.3407594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407594","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423467","display_name":"Ye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-510X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063004428","display_name":"Jian Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-9431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015070751","display_name":"Qian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-9787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033897386","display_name":"Zhaojun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5467-6597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaojun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012474783","display_name":"Gang Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6759-8949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100423467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6165,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67919967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"333","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8420807123184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6351512670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5419931411743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5411611795425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.530806303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4663402736186981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4548549950122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.45172590017318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3258100152015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2507290840148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11796450614929199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8420807123184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6351512670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5419931411743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5411611795425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.530806303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4663402736186981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4548549950122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.45172590017318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3258100152015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2507290840148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11796450614929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386263.3407594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407594","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033342648","https://openalex.org/W2124608923","https://openalex.org/W2126044301","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2336864643","https://openalex.org/W2588907924","https://openalex.org/W2622617080","https://openalex.org/W2774649961","https://openalex.org/W2905469496","https://openalex.org/W2945870555","https://openalex.org/W2963129355","https://openalex.org/W3003708730","https://openalex.org/W4236986999","https://openalex.org/W6703625862","https://openalex.org/W6745273501","https://openalex.org/W6762432140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059626797","https://openalex.org/W2168345601","https://openalex.org/W2082288922","https://openalex.org/W1975289146","https://openalex.org/W4231775656","https://openalex.org/W2142065994","https://openalex.org/W2046435967","https://openalex.org/W2354645290","https://openalex.org/W1985479624","https://openalex.org/W2477549100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Approximate":[0],"computing":[1,48],"(AC)":[2],"is":[3,29,113,172],"an":[4,161],"attractive":[5],"energy":[6,39],"efficient":[7],"technique":[8],"that":[9,83,103],"can":[10,89],"be":[11],"implemented":[12],"at":[13,78],"almost":[14],"all":[15],"the":[16,33,43,64,76,91,108,123,137,149,158],"design":[17],"levels":[18],"including":[19],"data,":[20],"algorithm,":[21],"and":[22,38,63,81,93,97,132,148],"hardware.":[23],"The":[24],"basic":[25],"idea":[26],"behind":[27],"AC":[28,99,127],"to":[30,101,115,142,156],"deliberately":[31],"control":[32],"trade-off":[34],"between":[35],"computation":[36],"accuracy":[37],"efficiency.":[40],"However,":[41],"with":[42],"introduction":[44],"of":[45,126],"AC,":[46,164],"traditional":[47],"frameworks":[49],"are":[50,120],"having":[51],"many":[52],"potential":[53],"security":[54,86],"vulnerabilities.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,74,135],"analyze":[60],"these":[61],"vulnerabilities":[62],"associated":[65],"attacks":[66,147],"as":[67,69],"well":[68],"corresponding":[70],"countermeasures.":[71],"More":[72],"importantly,":[73],"propose":[75,136],"vulnerability":[77],"data":[79,92,151],"level":[80,152],"demonstrate":[82],"without":[84],"appropriate":[85],"mechanism,":[87],"adversaries":[88],"modify":[90],"convert":[94],"a":[95],"secure":[96],"trusted":[98],"process":[100],"one":[102],"produces":[104],"unexpected":[105],"errors":[106,119],"in":[107,163],"final":[109],"output.":[110],"Furthermore,":[111],"it":[112,166,171],"difficult":[114],"distinguish":[116],"whether":[117,165],"such":[118],"caused":[121],"by":[122],"approximation":[124,169],"nature":[125],"or":[128,170],"from":[129,168],"malicious":[130],"modification":[131],"injection.":[133],"Finally,":[134],"information":[138],"hiding":[139],"based":[140],"countermeasures":[141],"defend":[143],"against":[144],"both":[145],"existing":[146],"proposed":[150],"attacks,":[153],"which":[154],"helps":[155],"answer":[157],"question:":[159],"given":[160],"error":[162],"comes":[167],"maliciously":[173],"introduced.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}