{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083271878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407583","title":"The Evolution of Transient-Execution Attacks","display_name":"The Evolution of Transient-Execution Attacks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083271878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407583","mag":"3083271878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386263.3407583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407583","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://openlib.tugraz.at/5fa00731568e8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089762779","display_name":"Claudio Canella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Canella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037831461","display_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066874310","display_name":"Daniel Gruss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-3246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Gruss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089762779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88225875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.9521839618682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8662606477737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.6601513624191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6252079606056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.5869730710983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5315644145011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-execution","display_name":"Speculative execution","score":0.49666982889175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.49181607365608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4749160706996918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2148299217224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.1979174017906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15970978140830994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07423281669616699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.9521839618682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8662606477737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6601513624191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6252079606056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.5869730710983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5315644145011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141331961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164465","display_name":"Speculative execution","level":2,"score":0.49666982889175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.49181607365608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4749160706996918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2148299217224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.1979174017906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15970978140830994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07423281669616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3386263.3407583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386263.3407583","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:http://openlib.tugraz.at/5fa00731568e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://openlib.tugraz.at/5fa00731568e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400660","display_name":"TUGraz OPEN Library (Graz University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","host_organization_name":"Graz University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:http://openlib.tugraz.at/5fa00731568e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://openlib.tugraz.at/5fa00731568e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400660","display_name":"TUGraz OPEN Library (Graz University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","host_organization_name":"Graz University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3730614982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"681402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335254","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335254","display_name":"Horizon 2020","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W2117798902","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2170585292","https://openalex.org/W2172060328","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2809355808","https://openalex.org/W2868863044","https://openalex.org/W2884163605","https://openalex.org/W2914399017","https://openalex.org/W2945638899","https://openalex.org/W2962986039","https://openalex.org/W2977528721","https://openalex.org/W2978325751","https://openalex.org/W3015844221","https://openalex.org/W3029649509","https://openalex.org/W3034103899","https://openalex.org/W3046502915","https://openalex.org/W3097990693","https://openalex.org/W3112409568","https://openalex.org/W3214470627","https://openalex.org/W4299301436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891800043","https://openalex.org/W4226318955","https://openalex.org/W4383221399","https://openalex.org/W4200034994","https://openalex.org/W2990075327","https://openalex.org/W4233361872","https://openalex.org/W4310273895","https://openalex.org/W1481299995","https://openalex.org/W2187908796","https://openalex.org/W3192389844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Historically,":[0],"non-architectural":[1],"state":[2],"was":[3],"considered":[4],"non-observable.":[5],"Side-channel":[6],"attacks,":[7],"in":[8,50],"particular":[9],"on":[10,79],"caches,":[11],"already":[12],"showed":[13],"that":[14,62,68,135],"this":[15,120],"is":[16],"not":[17],"entirely":[18],"correct":[19],"and":[20,85,95,108,138,146],"meta-information,":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23,59,72],"the":[24,37,44,63,80,125,130,136,142,149],"cache":[25],"state,":[26],"can":[27,88],"be":[28,89],"extracted.":[29],"Transient-execution":[30],"attacks":[31,55,93,106],"emerged":[32],"when":[33],"multiple":[34],"groups":[35],"discovered":[36],"exploitability":[38,45],"of":[39,46,141,151],"speculative":[40],"execution":[41],"and,":[42],"simultaneously,":[43],"deferred":[47],"permission":[48],"checks":[49],"modern":[51],"out-of-order":[52],"processors.":[53],"These":[54],"are":[56,69],"called":[57],"transient":[58],"they":[60,74],"exploit":[61,96,109],"processor":[64],"first":[65],"executes":[66],"operations":[67,84],"then":[70],"reverted":[71],"if":[73],"were":[75],"never":[76],"executed.":[77],"However,":[78],"microarchitectural":[81],"level,":[82],"these":[83],"their":[86],"effects":[87],"observed.":[90],"While":[91],"side-channel":[92],"enable":[94,107],"direct":[97,110],"access":[98,111],"to":[99,112],"meta-data":[100],"from":[101,115],"other":[102,116],"security":[103,117],"domains,":[104],"transient-execution":[105,126],"actual":[113],"data":[114],"domains.":[118],"In":[119],"paper,":[121],"we":[122],"show":[123,134],"how":[124],"landscape":[127],"evolved":[128],"since":[129],"initial":[131],"discoveries.":[132],"We":[133],"understanding":[137],"systematic":[139],"view":[140],"field":[143],"has":[144],"advanced":[145],"now":[147],"facilitate":[148],"discovery":[150],"new":[152],"attack":[153],"variants.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}