{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096868441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418962","title":"Empirical Evaluation of Gaze-enhanced Menus in Virtual Reality","display_name":"Empirical Evaluation of Gaze-enhanced Menus in Virtual Reality","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096868441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418962","mag":"3096868441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3385956.3418962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418962","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089530440","display_name":"Ken Pfeuffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Pfeuffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053197649","display_name":"Lukas Mecke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-7256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Mecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020327969","display_name":"Sarah Delgado Rodriguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-9846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Delgado Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060721228","display_name":"Mariam Hassib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-9357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Hassib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundeswehr University of Munich Usable Security and Privacy Group, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundeswehr University of Munich Usable Security and Privacy Group, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102318843","display_name":"Hannah Maier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054117094","display_name":"Florian Alt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Alt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94856146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8753678202629089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8135035037994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointer","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","score":0.7490556836128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7357877492904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursor","display_name":"Cursor (databases)","score":0.6672942042350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5086603760719299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/input-device","display_name":"Input device","score":0.49904489517211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.49776509404182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4570815861225128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-interaction","display_name":"3D interaction","score":0.4481812119483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-interaction","display_name":"Multimodal interaction","score":0.43023547530174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interaction-technique","display_name":"Interaction technique","score":0.4193829596042633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.41786107420921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2684096395969391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.165544331073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08905833959579468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8753678202629089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8135035037994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150202949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107602","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","level":2,"score":0.7490556836128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7357877492904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998101","display_name":"Cursor (databases)","level":2,"score":0.6672942042350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5086603760719299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121449826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864114","display_name":"Input device","level":2,"score":0.49904489517211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.49776509404182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4570815861225128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636326","display_name":"3D interaction","level":3,"score":0.4481812119483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135641252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738567","display_name":"Multimodal interaction","level":2,"score":0.43023547530174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62402345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18921192","display_name":"Interaction technique","level":3,"score":0.4193829596042633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.41786107420921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2684096395969391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.165544331073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08905833959579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3385956.3418962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418962","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205819775","https://openalex.org/W1549205813","https://openalex.org/W1968080309","https://openalex.org/W1979038477","https://openalex.org/W1983239853","https://openalex.org/W2000111599","https://openalex.org/W2001931998","https://openalex.org/W2020260406","https://openalex.org/W2041257003","https://openalex.org/W2048391267","https://openalex.org/W2057162789","https://openalex.org/W2080401675","https://openalex.org/W2081167820","https://openalex.org/W2108147168","https://openalex.org/W2119205911","https://openalex.org/W2121115269","https://openalex.org/W2132235889","https://openalex.org/W2132261426","https://openalex.org/W2133229061","https://openalex.org/W2134520081","https://openalex.org/W2142859885","https://openalex.org/W2150874632","https://openalex.org/W2160951686","https://openalex.org/W2169489294","https://openalex.org/W2173674698","https://openalex.org/W2176017127","https://openalex.org/W2246647840","https://openalex.org/W2293649818","https://openalex.org/W2363610583","https://openalex.org/W2536455836","https://openalex.org/W2604150046","https://openalex.org/W2611195367","https://openalex.org/W2611561499","https://openalex.org/W2762185336","https://openalex.org/W2764065835","https://openalex.org/W2796228338","https://openalex.org/W2805401437","https://openalex.org/W2806158947","https://openalex.org/W2941563158","https://openalex.org/W2941915966","https://openalex.org/W2942474547","https://openalex.org/W2946834573","https://openalex.org/W2968220058","https://openalex.org/W2969615259","https://openalex.org/W3008093564","https://openalex.org/W3030681249","https://openalex.org/W3032195944","https://openalex.org/W4211152336","https://openalex.org/W4256321336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027820023","https://openalex.org/W2175845398","https://openalex.org/W2101050203","https://openalex.org/W2914053085","https://openalex.org/W1997100572","https://openalex.org/W2728482005","https://openalex.org/W2569597750","https://openalex.org/W236353405","https://openalex.org/W2106870792","https://openalex.org/W4387421759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"user":[1,22,75,100],"interfaces":[2,153],"involve":[3],"attention":[4,39],"shifts":[5,40],"between":[6,67,132],"primary":[7],"and":[8,59,69,93,135,151],"secondary":[9],"tasks,":[10],"e.g.,":[11],"when":[12],"changing":[13],"a":[14,17,63,74,89,129],"mode":[15],"in":[16,88,149,154],"menu,":[18],"which":[19],"detracts":[20],"the":[21,38,43,79,103,122],"from":[23],"their":[24],"main":[25],"task.":[26,96],"In":[27],"this":[28],"work,":[29],"we":[30,117],"investigate":[31],"how":[32],"eye":[33],"gaze":[34,57,68,104,148],"input":[35],"affords":[36],"exploiting":[37],"to":[41,108,142],"enhance":[42],"interaction":[44,137],"with":[45,102,112],"handheld":[46],"menus.":[47],"We":[48,72,97],"assess":[49],"three":[50],"techniques":[51,80,105],"for":[52,128,145],"menu":[53,110],"selection:":[54],"dwell":[55],"time,":[56],"button,":[58],"cursor.":[60],"Each":[61],"represents":[62],"different":[64],"multimodal":[65,147],"balance":[66,131],"manual":[70,83],"input.":[71],"present":[73],"study":[76],"that":[77,99],"compares":[78],"against":[81],"two":[82],"baselines":[84],"(dunk":[85],"brush,":[86],"pointer)":[87],"compound":[90],"colour":[91],"selection":[92],"line":[94],"drawing":[95],"show":[98],"performance":[101],"is":[106],"comparable":[107],"pointer-based":[109],"selection,":[111],"less":[113],"physical":[114],"effort.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"provide":[118],"an":[119],"analysis":[120],"of":[121],"trade-off":[123],"as":[124],"each":[125],"technique":[126],"strives":[127],"unique":[130],"temporal,":[133],"manual,":[134],"visual":[136],"properties.":[138],"Our":[139],"research":[140],"points":[141],"new":[143],"opportunities":[144],"integrating":[146],"menus":[150],"bimanual":[152],"3D":[155],"environments.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}