{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034158217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3385971","title":"Armada: low-effort verification of high-performance concurrent programs","display_name":"Armada: low-effort verification of high-performance concurrent programs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034158217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3385971","mag":"3034158217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3385412.3385971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3385971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048541406","display_name":"Jacob R. Lorch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-2769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob R. Lorch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725678","display_name":"Yixuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA / Yale University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA / Yale University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083609711","display_name":"Manos Kapritsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4368-7418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manos Kapritsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048461894","display_name":"Bryan Parno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-1684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Parno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072464909","display_name":"Shaz Qadeer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140527","display_name":"California Institute for Biomedical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04r28v857","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140527"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaz Qadeer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Calibra, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Calibra, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140527"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006077391","display_name":"Upamanyu Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-3284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Upamanyu Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101839396","display_name":"James R. Wilcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-2093"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Certora, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Certora, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054845063","display_name":"Xueyuan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048541406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91264959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"197","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8273513317108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alias","display_name":"Alias","score":0.654638409614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.630051851272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.597752571105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4976942837238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4795401096343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4653186798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.44406700134277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.39024096727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.35379767417907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1402481198310852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8273513317108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46681722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4725589","display_name":"Alias","level":2,"score":0.654638409614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.630051851272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.597752571105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4976942837238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4795401096343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4653186798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.44406700134277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.39024096727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35379767417907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1402481198310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3385412.3385971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3385971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175195251","https://openalex.org/W971186954","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1509000726","https://openalex.org/W1525350307","https://openalex.org/W1552367747","https://openalex.org/W1552921094","https://openalex.org/W1561412378","https://openalex.org/W2001738739","https://openalex.org/W2072062729","https://openalex.org/W2090551028","https://openalex.org/W2095762545","https://openalex.org/W2095770127","https://openalex.org/W2099470183","https://openalex.org/W2104245532","https://openalex.org/W2130427425","https://openalex.org/W2131135493","https://openalex.org/W2132107743","https://openalex.org/W2132761501","https://openalex.org/W2141607910","https://openalex.org/W2150224578","https://openalex.org/W2152390090","https://openalex.org/W2162627428","https://openalex.org/W2168704035","https://openalex.org/W2564852534","https://openalex.org/W2578546025","https://openalex.org/W2596377803","https://openalex.org/W2768537380","https://openalex.org/W2780286008","https://openalex.org/W2798365728","https://openalex.org/W2883180298","https://openalex.org/W2898893133","https://openalex.org/W2899000846","https://openalex.org/W2901454403","https://openalex.org/W2982041059","https://openalex.org/W3011177614","https://openalex.org/W4211067849","https://openalex.org/W4246094892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385605198","https://openalex.org/W2151266859","https://openalex.org/W2056017980","https://openalex.org/W2333004434","https://openalex.org/W4256550813","https://openalex.org/W4400966522","https://openalex.org/W1557487237","https://openalex.org/W4248617250","https://openalex.org/W275149381","https://openalex.org/W2997042634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Safely":[0],"writing":[1],"high-performance":[2],"concurrent":[3,105],"programs":[4,23],"is":[5],"notoriously":[6],"difficult.":[7],"To":[8,60],"aid":[9],"developers,":[10],"we":[11,102,111],"introduce":[12],"Armada,":[13,101],"a":[14,29,33,69],"language":[15,31],"and":[16,32,47,68,80,89,108],"tool":[17],"designed":[18],"to":[19,42,116],"formally":[20],"verify":[21,103],"such":[22],"with":[24,95],"relatively":[25],"little":[26],"effort.":[27],"Via":[28],"C-like":[30],"small-step,":[34],"state-machine-based":[35],"semantics,":[36],"Armada":[37,64,90],"gives":[38],"developers":[39],"the":[40],"flexibility":[41],"choose":[43],"arbitrary":[44],"memory":[45],"layout":[46],"synchronization":[48],"primitives":[49],"so":[50],"they":[51],"are":[52,86],"never":[53],"constrained":[54],"in":[55],"their":[56],"pursuit":[57],"of":[58,71,118],"performance.":[59],"reduce":[61],"developer":[62],"effort,":[63],"leverages":[65],"SMT-powered":[66],"automation":[67],"library":[70],"powerful":[72],"reasoning":[73],"techniques,":[74],"including":[75],"rely-guarantee,":[76],"TSO":[77],"elimination,":[78],"reduction,":[79],"alias":[81],"analysis.":[82],"All":[83],"these":[84],"techniques":[85],"proven":[87],"sound,":[88],"can":[91,112],"be":[92],"soundly":[93],"extended":[94],"additional":[96],"strategies":[97],"over":[98],"time.":[99],"Using":[100],"four":[104],"case":[106],"studies":[107],"show":[109],"that":[110,117],"achieve":[113],"performance":[114],"equivalent":[115],"unverified":[119],"code.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}