{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027830444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384613.3384619","title":"A Natural Language Processing (NLP) Framework for Embedded Systems to Automatically Extract Verification Aspects from Textual Design Requirements","display_name":"A Natural Language Processing (NLP) Framework for Embedded Systems to Automatically Extract Verification Aspects from Textual Design Requirements","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027830444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384613.3384619","mag":"3027830444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3384613.3384619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384613.3384619","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045766368","display_name":"Muhammad Waseem Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Waseem Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041625922","display_name":"Imran Ahsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-1186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040585772","display_name":"Farooque Azam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farooque Azam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010819201","display_name":"Wasi Haider Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-3662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasi Haider Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer &amp; Software Engineering, College of E&amp;ME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077892555","display_name":"Muhammad Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-1296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045766368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90367874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8091814517974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5975324511528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5857151746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-verification","display_name":"Functional verification","score":0.5151287317276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.47963863611221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-requirements-specification","display_name":"System requirements specification","score":0.4767944812774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-verification","display_name":"Intelligent verification","score":0.4620600938796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runtime-verification","display_name":"Runtime verification","score":0.45300331711769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.44119638204574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verification","display_name":"Verification","score":0.43784299492836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4061121642589569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3855510950088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34925657510757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.2562938928604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.13279521465301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.11674168705940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09698167443275452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8091814517974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5975324511528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5857151746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508853","display_name":"Functional verification","level":3,"score":0.5151287317276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.47963863611221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84651959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17052506","display_name":"System requirements specification","level":2,"score":0.4767944812774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3406870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044160","display_name":"Intelligent verification","level":5,"score":0.4620600938796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.45300331711769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.44119638204574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142284323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7921323","display_name":"Verification","level":5,"score":0.43784299492836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4061121642589569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3855510950088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34925657510757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2562938928604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.13279521465301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.11674168705940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09698167443275452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3384613.3384619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384613.3384619","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W656175511","https://openalex.org/W2063441188","https://openalex.org/W2345350761","https://openalex.org/W2595345837","https://openalex.org/W2596610995","https://openalex.org/W2791243679","https://openalex.org/W2884618163","https://openalex.org/W2903509201","https://openalex.org/W2915385321","https://openalex.org/W2921499078","https://openalex.org/W2929816186","https://openalex.org/W2944902000","https://openalex.org/W2946741689","https://openalex.org/W2973193739","https://openalex.org/W2985569491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2325633191","https://openalex.org/W2392047570","https://openalex.org/W2361881307","https://openalex.org/W4205300843","https://openalex.org/W2035244079","https://openalex.org/W4301348901","https://openalex.org/W3036403349","https://openalex.org/W2350806125","https://openalex.org/W3120172095","https://openalex.org/W4205924073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Embedded":[0],"systems":[1,11,107],"requirements":[2,26,47,68],"are":[3,34],"significantly":[4],"different":[5],"with":[6],"respect":[7],"to":[8,13,49,83,108,122],"general":[9],"purpose":[10],"due":[12],"the":[14,18,24,45,51,56,63,85,92,116,127,152,179,186,194],"safety-critical":[15],"nature":[16],"and":[17,54,87,110,125,154,168,188],"presence":[19],"of":[20,27,66,78,129,135,160,190],"temporal":[21,32],"aspects.":[22],"Particularly,":[23],"design":[25,46,67,93,118,196],"embedded":[28,106],"systems,":[29],"comprise":[30],"several":[31],"conditions,":[33],"first":[35],"identified.":[36],"Subsequently,":[37],"a":[38,98,133,137],"test":[39],"engineer":[40,43],"/":[41,59],"system":[42],"analyzes":[44],"manually":[48],"identify":[50],"verification":[52,57,70,89,113,130,191],"characteristics":[53],"develops":[55],"assertions":[58,90,192],"constraints":[60],"accordingly.":[61],"However,":[62],"manual":[64],"analysis":[65,187],"for":[69,105,185],"is":[71,81,146,163,182],"time":[72],"consuming":[73],"task.":[74],"Furthermore,":[75],"high":[76],"level":[77],"domain":[79],"expertise":[80],"required":[82],"develop":[84],"correct":[86],"complete":[88,138],"from":[91,115,193],"requirements.":[94,119,197],"This":[95,120],"article":[96],"presents":[97],"novel":[99],"Natural":[100],"Language":[101],"Processing":[102],"(NLP)":[103],"framework":[104,162,181],"analyze":[109],"automatically":[111],"extract":[112],"aspects":[114],"textual":[117,195],"leads":[121],"considerably":[123],"simplify":[124],"accelerate":[126],"development":[128,189],"assertions.":[131],"As":[132],"part":[134],"research,":[136],"AR2AA":[139],"(Automated":[140],"Requirements":[141],"2":[142],"Assertions":[143],"Analyzer)":[144],"tool":[145],"developed":[147],"in":[148],"C#":[149],"by":[150],"utilizing":[151],"SharpNLP":[153],"regular":[155],"expression":[156],"libraries.":[157],"The":[158,174],"usefulness":[159],"proposed":[161,180],"demonstrated":[164],"through":[165],"Car":[166],"Collision":[167],"Avoidance":[169],"System":[170],"(CCAS)":[171],"case":[172],"study.":[173],"initial":[175],"results":[176],"prove":[177],"that":[178],"highly":[183],"effective":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
