{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110286432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384419.3430713","title":"Patronus","display_name":"Patronus","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110286432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384419.3430713","mag":"3110286432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3384419.3430713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384419.3430713","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006243493","display_name":"Lingkun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-8451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingkun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016034956","display_name":"Manni Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8331-8097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manni Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112911726","display_name":"Yuguang Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuguang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011008509","display_name":"Fan Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-6987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072253749","display_name":"Zhichao Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-9072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877971","display_name":"Yunhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University and Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University and Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82109314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"245","last_page":"257"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7575762271881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pesq","display_name":"PESQ","score":0.5676789283752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5296071767807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.484439879655838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartwatch","display_name":"Smartwatch","score":0.4566551446914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4354715049266815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-enhancement","display_name":"Speech enhancement","score":0.36934950947761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2730904221534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-noise","display_name":"Background noise","score":0.20538070797920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19528022408485413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.12053060531616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.0905502438545227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7575762271881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103734657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2739975","display_name":"PESQ","level":4,"score":0.5676789283752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5296071767807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.484439879655838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.4566551446914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4354715049266815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776182073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575395","display_name":"Speech enhancement","level":3,"score":0.36934950947761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2730904221534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.20538070797920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19528022408485413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.12053060531616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.0905502438545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3384419.3430713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3384419.3430713","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552314771","https://openalex.org/W1971243715","https://openalex.org/W2488240503","https://openalex.org/W2524232494","https://openalex.org/W2806247261","https://openalex.org/W2919152905","https://openalex.org/W2960369482","https://openalex.org/W2965614023","https://openalex.org/W2979717817","https://openalex.org/W3006816054","https://openalex.org/W3007913795","https://openalex.org/W4243330440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058482658","https://openalex.org/W3016109656","https://openalex.org/W1973895194","https://openalex.org/W2546593254","https://openalex.org/W3135613579","https://openalex.org/W2166831097","https://openalex.org/W4386746628","https://openalex.org/W4388016426","https://openalex.org/W1980687383","https://openalex.org/W3209446892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109,123],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"and":[3,132,137,182],"ubiquity":[4],"of":[5,29,53,119,126,192,212],"smart":[6],"devices":[7,77,85],"equipped":[8],"with":[9,134],"microphones":[10],"(e.g.,":[11],"cellphones,":[12],"smartwatches,":[13],"etc.)":[14],"unfortunately":[15],"create":[16],"many":[17],"significant":[18],"privacy":[19],"risks.":[20],"In":[21,64],"recent":[22],"years,":[23],"there":[24,56],"have":[25,207],"been":[26],"several":[27],"cases":[28],"people's":[30],"conversations":[31],"being":[32],"secretly":[33,158],"recorded,":[34],"sometimes":[35],"initiated":[36],"by":[37,94,105,114,157,195,201],"the":[38,51,116,127,138,145,160,175],"device":[39],"itself.":[40],"Although":[41],"some":[42],"manufacturers":[43],"are":[44,129],"trying":[45],"to":[46,50,86,150,163,172],"protect":[47],"users'":[48],"privacy,":[49],"best":[52],"our":[54],"knowledge,":[55],"is":[57,141,148],"not":[58],"any":[59],"effective":[60],"technical":[61],"solution":[62],"available.":[63],"this":[65],"work,":[66],"we":[67,97],"present":[68],"Patronus,":[69],"a":[70,99,101,179],"system":[71,181],"that":[72,144,189],"can":[73,167,198],"both":[74],"prevent":[75],"unauthorized":[76,91,112,202,227],"from":[78],"making":[79],"secret":[80],"recordings":[81,113,206],"while":[82],"allowing":[83],"authorized":[84,154,164,205],"record":[87],"conversations.":[88],"Patronus":[89,152],"prevents":[90,111],"speech":[92,155,213,222],"recording":[93,156],"emitting":[95],"what":[96],"call":[98],"scramble,":[100],"low-frequency":[102],"noise":[103],"generated":[104],"inaudible":[106],"ultrasonic":[107],"waves.":[108],"scramble":[110,128,146,161,197],"leveraging":[115],"nonlinear":[117],"effects":[118],"commercial":[120],"off-the-shelf":[121],"microphones.":[122],"frequency":[124,139],"components":[125],"randomly":[130],"determined":[131],"connected":[133],"linear":[135],"chirps,":[136],"period":[140],"fine-tuned":[142],"so":[143],"pattern":[147,162],"hard":[149],"attack.":[151],"allows":[153],"delivering":[159],"devices,":[165],"which":[166],"use":[168],"an":[169],"adaptive":[170],"filter":[171],"cancel":[173],"out":[174],"scramble.":[176],"We":[177],"implement":[178],"prototype":[180],"conduct":[183],"comprehensive":[184],"experiments.":[185],"Our":[186],"results":[187],"show":[188],"only":[190],"19.7%":[191],"words":[193],"protected":[194],"Patronus'":[196],"be":[199],"recognized":[200],"devices.":[203],"Furthermore,":[204],"1.6x":[208],"higher":[209],"perceptual":[210],"evaluation":[211],"quality":[214],"(PESQ)":[215],"score":[216],"and,":[217],"on":[218],"average,":[219],"50%":[220],"lower":[221],"recognition":[223],"error":[224],"rates":[225],"than":[226],"recordings.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00"}
