{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011619420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380991","title":"Using Sonar for Liveness Detection to Protect Smart Speakers against Remote Attackers","display_name":"Using Sonar for Liveness Detection to Protect Smart Speakers against Remote Attackers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011619420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380991","mag":"3011619420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3380991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082578648","display_name":"Yeonjoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5010-8277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeonjoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995035","display_name":"Yue Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1705-0536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035706714","display_name":"Jiutian Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1394-749X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiutian Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017856369","display_name":"Kwangwuk Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwangwuk Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331225","display_name":"Nan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7328-6159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012792160","display_name":"Faysal Hossain Shezan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-0978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faysal Hossain Shezan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716458","display_name":"Yuan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6435-564X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437976","display_name":"Kai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333239","display_name":"Xiaofeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-369X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XiaoFeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92108009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.8035719394683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.7745035886764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667559027671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.5961714386940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-command-device","display_name":"Voice command device","score":0.5698575377464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microphone","display_name":"Microphone","score":0.5004062652587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4670957922935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.43855905532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blacklist","display_name":"Blacklist","score":0.4284461438655853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42281532287597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38123035430908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32838913798332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22709769010543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16531699895858765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.8035719394683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.7745035886764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667559027671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.5961714386940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178718744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2350070","display_name":"Voice command device","level":2,"score":0.5698575377464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.5004062652587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4670957922935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.43855905532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2535979","display_name":"Blacklist","level":2,"score":0.4284461438655853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42281532287597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38123035430908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32838913798332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22709769010543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16531699895858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68115822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068172","display_name":"Sound pressure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3380991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2989699848","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1527141,1618493,1838083,1801432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6529840371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1836211,61728209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2646853","https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W210359992","https://openalex.org/W378996887","https://openalex.org/W1429249068","https://openalex.org/W1434018057","https://openalex.org/W1525671348","https://openalex.org/W1563055963","https://openalex.org/W1969944856","https://openalex.org/W1980581462","https://openalex.org/W1982638441","https://openalex.org/W1993841748","https://openalex.org/W1997718099","https://openalex.org/W2000128554","https://openalex.org/W2011191879","https://openalex.org/W2020997493","https://openalex.org/W2022217943","https://openalex.org/W2023346859","https://openalex.org/W2029997834","https://openalex.org/W2032423961","https://openalex.org/W2040675918","https://openalex.org/W2106197757","https://openalex.org/W2117544888","https://openalex.org/W2134572726","https://openalex.org/W2153200718","https://openalex.org/W2153914468","https://openalex.org/W2155776735","https://openalex.org/W2168185689","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2176804518","https://openalex.org/W2207618852","https://openalex.org/W2295176885","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2394945029","https://openalex.org/W2472787443","https://openalex.org/W2486441166","https://openalex.org/W2493036530","https://openalex.org/W2624801495","https://openalex.org/W2745896134","https://openalex.org/W2747678151","https://openalex.org/W2751902866","https://openalex.org/W2756172860","https://openalex.org/W2776436598","https://openalex.org/W2791445945","https://openalex.org/W2799174307","https://openalex.org/W2807513246","https://openalex.org/W2811004397","https://openalex.org/W2903420265","https://openalex.org/W3105332166","https://openalex.org/W3147444766","https://openalex.org/W4300824008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977167953","https://openalex.org/W2610950809","https://openalex.org/W4310621200","https://openalex.org/W2134636830","https://openalex.org/W2891042196","https://openalex.org/W2139803617","https://openalex.org/W2900685337","https://openalex.org/W2778699561","https://openalex.org/W3172012936","https://openalex.org/W3011619420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"speakers,":[1],"which":[2,224],"wait":[3],"for":[4,10,98,229],"voice":[5,19,50,71,132,163,213,247],"commands":[6,20,34,51,72],"and":[7,149,175,195],"complete":[8],"tasks":[9],"users,":[11],"are":[12,59,67],"becoming":[13],"part":[14],"of":[15,123,160,219,235],"common":[16],"households.":[17],"While":[18],"came":[21],"with":[22,35,157,215],"basic":[23],"functionalities":[24,37],"in":[25,82,221],"the":[26,30,83,91,106,131,138,143,151,158,161,173,184,201,208,227,233],"earlier":[27],"days,":[28],"as":[29],"market":[31],"grew,":[32],"various":[33],"critical":[36],"were":[38],"developed;":[39],"e.g.,":[40],"access":[41],"banking":[42],"services,":[43],"send":[44,117],"money,":[45],"open":[46],"front":[47],"door.":[48],"Such":[49],"can":[52,210],"cause":[53],"serious":[54],"consequences":[55],"once":[56],"smart":[57,65,99,107],"speakers":[58,66,76,108,115],"attacked.":[60],"Recent":[61],"research":[62],"shows":[63,206],"that":[64,112,130,207],"vulnerable":[68],"to":[69,104,116,127,154,242],"malicious":[70,118],"sent":[73],"from":[74,109,137,172],"other":[75],"(e.g.,":[77],"TV,":[78],"baby":[79],"monitor,":[80],"radio)":[81],"same":[84],"area.":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87,141],"work,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"Speaker-Sonar,":[92],"a":[93,187,191,196],"sonar-based":[94],"liveness":[95],"detection":[96],"system":[97],"speakers.":[100],"Our":[101,204],"approach":[102,125],"aims":[103],"protect":[105],"remote":[110,212,230,246],"attackers":[111],"leverage":[113],"network-connected":[114],"commands.":[119],"The":[120,165],"key":[121],"idea":[122],"our":[124,236,238],"is":[126,134,240],"make":[128],"sure":[129],"command":[133],"indeed":[135],"coming":[136],"user.":[139],"For":[140],"purpose,":[142],"Speaker-Sonar":[144,166,185,209],"emits":[145],"an":[146,178,216],"inaudible":[147],"sound":[148],"tracks":[150],"user's":[152],"direction":[153,159],"compare":[155],"it":[156],"received":[162],"command.":[164],"does":[167],"not":[168],"require":[169],"additional":[170],"action":[171],"user":[174],"works":[176],"through":[177],"automatic":[179],"consistency":[180],"check.":[181],"We":[182],"built":[183],"on":[186],"raspberry":[188],"pi":[189],"3b,":[190],"circular":[192],"microphone":[193],"array,":[194],"commodity":[197],"speaker":[198],"by":[199],"imitating":[200],"Amazon":[202],"Echo.":[203],"evaluation":[205],"reject":[211],"attacks":[214],"average":[217],"accuracy":[218],"95.5%":[220],"2":[222],"meters,":[223],"significantly":[225],"raises":[226],"bar":[228],"attackers.":[231],"To":[232],"best":[234],"knowledge,":[237],"defense":[239],"able":[241],"defend":[243],"against":[244],"known":[245],"attack":[248],"techniques.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}