{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3012032449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380990","title":"PrivateBus","display_name":"PrivateBus","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3012032449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380990","mag":"3012032449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3380990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380990","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3380990","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3380990","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998764","display_name":"Zhihan Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1882-6252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhihan Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036514016","display_name":"Boyang Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101553942","display_name":"Qin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1641-772X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403490","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-116X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIAT, Chinese Academy of Sciences &amp; Shenzhen Beidou Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIAT, Chinese Academy of Sciences &amp; Shenzhen Beidou Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603762","display_name":"Desheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9307-8736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029998764"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83125298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5786467790603638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5432265400886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5169922113418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5072821974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4986841678619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"Internet access","score":0.47398677468299866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.46869778633117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.4532710611820221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-information-retrieval","display_name":"Private information retrieval","score":0.4299302101135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4153212010860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.4111524224281311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.25554031133651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16759377717971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09977421164512634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5786467790603638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5432265400886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5169922113418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5072821974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4986841678619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472399","display_name":"Internet access","level":3,"score":0.47398677468299866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.46869778633117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.4532710611820221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.4299302101135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4153212010860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.4111524224281311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25554031133651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16759377717971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09977421164512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3380990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380990","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3380990","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3380990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3380990","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3380990","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6951694886","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1849238,1932223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3012032449.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3012032449.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987861412","https://openalex.org/W2005567524","https://openalex.org/W2019021124","https://openalex.org/W2021432364","https://openalex.org/W2070561555","https://openalex.org/W2076663670","https://openalex.org/W2091161825","https://openalex.org/W2102066589","https://openalex.org/W2102881299","https://openalex.org/W2107710541","https://openalex.org/W2120761625","https://openalex.org/W2123307077","https://openalex.org/W2128606190","https://openalex.org/W2154553365","https://openalex.org/W2511316824","https://openalex.org/W2516874331","https://openalex.org/W2533657018","https://openalex.org/W2565345046","https://openalex.org/W2593227599","https://openalex.org/W2606192416","https://openalex.org/W2733810386","https://openalex.org/W2794594579","https://openalex.org/W2795126082","https://openalex.org/W2819871557","https://openalex.org/W2890208605","https://openalex.org/W2890455363","https://openalex.org/W2898407664","https://openalex.org/W2907806693","https://openalex.org/W2955544938","https://openalex.org/W2965312081","https://openalex.org/W2965723002","https://openalex.org/W2973014043","https://openalex.org/W2987690833","https://openalex.org/W2997842691","https://openalex.org/W4253868051","https://openalex.org/W4299734264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034529322","https://openalex.org/W2113597336","https://openalex.org/W2115913271","https://openalex.org/W118448456","https://openalex.org/W2596305496","https://openalex.org/W2172222246","https://openalex.org/W2260680879","https://openalex.org/W2997789329","https://openalex.org/W2050283318","https://openalex.org/W2290534421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,58,66,97,103,129,164,169,221,246,328,341,352],"ubiquity":[2],"of":[3,11,22,46,57,105,109,287],"mobile":[4],"devices":[5,33],"leads":[6],"to":[7,34,70,127,219,235,325,355],"an":[8],"increasing":[9],"demand":[10],"public":[12,31,49,62],"network":[13],"services,":[14],"e.g.,":[15],"WiFi":[16,32,63,117,134,145,181,198],"hot":[17],"spots.":[18],"As":[19],"a":[20,43,174,178,201,216,223,232],"part":[21],"this":[23,125],"trend,":[24],"modern":[25],"transportation":[26,50],"systems":[27],"are":[28,323],"equipped":[29],"with":[30],"provide":[35],"Internet":[36],"access":[37,73],"for":[38,209],"passengers":[39],"as":[40,92],"people":[41],"spend":[42],"large":[44],"amount":[45],"time":[47],"on":[48,96,115,120,138,249,302],"in":[51,61,82,88,132,177,351],"their":[52,288,318,357],"daily":[53],"life.":[54],"However,":[55],"one":[56],"key":[59,140],"issues":[60],"spots":[64],"is":[65,155],"privacy":[67,80,86,118,130],"concern":[68],"due":[69],"its":[71],"open":[72],"nature.":[74],"Existing":[75],"works":[76],"either":[77],"studied":[78],"location":[79,192],"risk":[81,131],"human":[83],"traces":[84,252,259,264,290],"or":[85],"leakage":[87],"private":[89],"networks":[90,94],"such":[91],"cellular":[93,100],"based":[95,119],"data":[98,358],"from":[99,163,194,229,238,340],"carriers.":[101],"To":[102,167],"best":[104],"our":[106,210,332],"knowledge,":[107],"none":[108],"these":[110],"work":[111],"has":[112],"been":[113],"focused":[114],"bus":[116,133,144,180,197],"large-scale":[121,179],"real-world":[122],"data.":[123],"In":[124],"paper,":[126],"explore":[128],"systems,":[135],"we":[136,159,172,205,243],"focus":[137],"two":[139,207],"questions":[141],"how":[142,158],"likely":[143],"users":[146,162,199,237,277,293,306,339],"can":[147,160,225,278,294,307],"be":[148,226,279,295,308],"uniquely":[149,227,280,296,309],"re-identified":[150,228,281,297,310],"if":[151,316],"partial":[152],"usage":[153],"information":[154,344],"leaked":[156,165,230,240,324,343],"and":[157,189,213,256,262,268,291,321],"protect":[161,236],"information.":[166,241],"understand":[168],"above":[170],"questions,":[171],"conduct":[173],"case":[175],"study":[176],"system,":[182],"which":[183],"contains":[184],"20":[185],"million":[186,191],"connection":[187,254,319],"records":[188,193,286,315,320,350],"78":[190],"770":[195],"thousand":[196],"during":[200],"two-month":[202],"period.":[203],"Technically,":[204],"design":[206],"models":[208],"uniqueness":[211,248],"analyses":[212],"protection,":[214],"i.e.,":[215],"PB-FIND":[217],"model":[218,234],"identify":[220],"probability":[222],"user":[224,247],"information;":[231],"PB-HIDE":[233,333],"potentially":[239,342],"Specifically,":[242],"systematically":[244],"measure":[245],"users'":[250],"finger":[251,267,289],"(i.e.,":[253,260,265],"URL":[255],"domain),":[257],"foot":[258,269],"locations),":[261],"hybrid":[263],"both":[266,317],"traces).":[270],"Our":[271],"measurement":[272],"results":[273,330],"reveal":[274],"(i)":[275],"97.8%":[276],"by":[282,298,311,345],"4":[283],"random":[284,300,314],"domain":[285],"96.2%":[292],"5":[299],"locations":[301,322],"buses;":[303],"(ii)":[304],"98.1%":[305],"only":[312,347],"2":[313],"attackers.":[326],"Moreover,":[327],"evaluation":[329],"show":[331],"algorithm":[334],"protects":[335],"more":[336],"than":[337],"95%":[338],"inserting":[346],"1.5%":[348],"synthetic":[349],"original":[353],"dataset":[354],"preserve":[356],"utility.":[359]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-03-23T00:00:00"}
