{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089855309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3379471","title":"Under the Concealing Surface: Detecting and Understanding Live Webcams in the Wild","display_name":"Under the Concealing Surface: Detecting and Understanding Live Webcams in the Wild","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089855309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3379471","mag":"3089855309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3379471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3379471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018529229","display_name":"Jinke Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-9410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JinKe Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429920","display_name":"Qiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-2836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664241","display_name":"Haining Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9665-7511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haining Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061643975","display_name":"Limin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-7521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Limin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80706219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6773531436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.5928323268890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5417907238006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/live-streaming","display_name":"Live streaming","score":0.4814871549606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2543566823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.243337482213974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.10394951701164246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6773531436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.5928323268890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5417907238006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776741261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027665","display_name":"Live streaming","level":2,"score":0.4814871549606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2543566823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.243337482213974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.10394951701164246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3379471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3379471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G246201033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0803402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6065520773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018JBZ103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7411430048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8091656351","display_name":"\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u6570\u636e\u9690\u79c1\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3822628","https://openalex.org/W964460774","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2109441445","https://openalex.org/W2112736324","https://openalex.org/W2118226475","https://openalex.org/W2147625498","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W2182467309","https://openalex.org/W2292723020","https://openalex.org/W2467763829","https://openalex.org/W2613843087","https://openalex.org/W2765964429","https://openalex.org/W2768480737","https://openalex.org/W2768602817","https://openalex.org/W2792078122","https://openalex.org/W2796861472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2163194970","https://openalex.org/W3105229732","https://openalex.org/W2799094075","https://openalex.org/W2892370851","https://openalex.org/W2945387931","https://openalex.org/W2187946387","https://openalex.org/W2052024186","https://openalex.org/W2939141610","https://openalex.org/W4390237811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,12,17,31,77,83,108,164,182],"central":[2],"role":[3],"of":[4,19,51,82,87,128,132,138,179,187],"webcams":[5,37,44,101,106,142,151,189,200],"in":[6,107,123,195],"monitoring":[7],"physical":[8],"surroundings,":[9],"it":[10],"behooves":[11],"research":[13],"community":[14],"to":[15,67,163,207],"understand":[16],"characteristics":[18],"webcams'":[20],"distribution":[21,122],"and":[22,42,57,71,102,136,155,173,185,197],"their":[23],"privacy/security":[24],"implications.":[25],"In":[26,61],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29,63,91,146],"conduct":[30,208],"first":[32],"systematic":[33],"study":[34,113],"on":[35,192],"live":[36,59,100,105,125,133,161],"from":[38,96,143,152],"both":[39],"aggregation":[40,69,97,116,139,153,167,193],"sites":[41,70,98,117,129,154,168,194],"individual":[43],"(webpages/IP":[45],"hosts).":[46],"We":[47],"propose":[48],"a":[49,88,119],"series":[50],"efficient,":[52],"automated":[53],"techniques":[54],"for":[55],"detecting":[56],"fingerprinting":[58],"webcams.":[60],"particular,":[62],"leverage":[64],"distributed":[65],"algorithms":[66],"detect":[68],"generate":[72],"webcam":[73],"fingerprints":[74],"by":[75],"utilizing":[76],"Graphical":[78],"User":[79],"Interface":[80],"(GUI)":[81],"built-in":[84],"web":[85],"server":[86],"device.":[89],"Overall,":[90],"observe":[92,147],"0.85":[93],"million":[94,104],"webpages":[95],"hosting":[99,124],"2.2":[103],"public":[109],"IPv4":[110],"space.":[111],"Our":[112],"reveals":[114],"that":[115,148],"have":[118],"typical":[120],"long-tail":[121],"streams":[126,162],"(5.8%":[127],"contain":[130],"90.44%":[131],"streaming":[134],"contents),":[135],"85.4%":[137],"websites":[140],"scrape":[141],"others.":[144],"Further,":[145],"(1)":[149],"277,239":[150],"IP":[156],"hosts":[157],"(11.7%)":[158],"directly":[159],"expose":[160,169],"public,":[165],"(2)":[166],"187,897":[170],"geolocation":[171],"names":[172],"more":[174],"detailed":[175],"23,083":[176],"longitude/latitude":[177],"pairs":[178],"webcams,":[180],"(3)":[181],"default":[183],"usernames":[184],"passwords":[186],"38,942":[188],"are":[190,201],"visible":[191],"plaintext,":[196],"(4)":[198],"1,237":[199],"detected":[202],"as":[203],"having":[204],"been":[205],"compromised":[206],"malicious":[209],"behaviors.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}