{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3040671048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377930.3389827","title":"Simultaneously searching and solving multiple avoidable collisions for testing autonomous driving systems","display_name":"Simultaneously searching and solving multiple avoidable collisions for testing autonomous driving systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3040671048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377930.3389827","mag":"3040671048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377930.3389827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377930.3389827","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377930.3389827","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377930.3389827","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042088991","display_name":"Alessandro Cal\u00f2","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Cal\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021486887","display_name":"Paolo Arcaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-4062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Arcaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076142098","display_name":"Shaukat Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9979-3519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaukat Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087367704","display_name":"Florian Hauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Hauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103091045","display_name":"Fuyuki Ishikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-2618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyuki Ishikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1055","last_page":"1063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.7595000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.7290809154510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7001301050186157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6764814853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.67212975025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planner","display_name":"Planner","score":0.5921332836151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4919247627258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.420188307762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16599777340888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13489660620689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11037549376487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.09306606650352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08099883794784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.06517884135246277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.7595000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.7290809154510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7001301050186157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6764814853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.67212975025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349274","display_name":"Planner","level":2,"score":0.5921332836151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4919247627258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.420188307762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16599777340888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13489660620689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11037549376487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.09306606650352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08099883794784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.06517884135246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377930.3389827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377930.3389827","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377930.3389827","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377930.3389827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377930.3389827","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377930.3389827","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1677877499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100009024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338112","funder_display_name":"Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1963336961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"286898/F20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5913768863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJER1603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338112","funder_display_name":"Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6787853612","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"286898","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338112","display_name":"Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3040671048.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3040671048.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72576858","https://openalex.org/W184219092","https://openalex.org/W1842503650","https://openalex.org/W1981782233","https://openalex.org/W2000825106","https://openalex.org/W2040434142","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2063763208","https://openalex.org/W2076054478","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2269457277","https://openalex.org/W2444574188","https://openalex.org/W2495601248","https://openalex.org/W2749567864","https://openalex.org/W2749747771","https://openalex.org/W2775678306","https://openalex.org/W2791055813","https://openalex.org/W2888483609","https://openalex.org/W2891056855","https://openalex.org/W2970226826","https://openalex.org/W2977948286","https://openalex.org/W3000408052","https://openalex.org/W3047641937","https://openalex.org/W3087835274","https://openalex.org/W3098295108","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246538999","https://openalex.org/W4244698559","https://openalex.org/W2002361198","https://openalex.org/W804484174","https://openalex.org/W56933075","https://openalex.org/W1548568597","https://openalex.org/W2155467318","https://openalex.org/W122632647","https://openalex.org/W2060743914","https://openalex.org/W187779371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,154],"oracle":[1],"problem":[2,40,74],"is":[3,16,19,26,75],"a":[4,14,36,43,48,114],"key":[5],"issue":[6],"in":[7,144],"testing":[8,33],"Autonomous":[9],"Driving":[10],"Systems":[11],"(ADS):":[12],"when":[13],"collision":[15,44,61],"found,":[17],"it":[18,93],"not":[20,86,95],"always":[21],"clear":[22],"whether":[23],"the":[24,64,77,104,107,122,140,145,160],"ADS":[25,51,65,78,123,166],"responsible":[27],"for":[28,59,81,88,102,149],"it.":[29,55],"Our":[30],"recent":[31],"search-based":[32,116],"approach":[34,57,117],"offers":[35],"solution":[37],"to":[38,99,118],"this":[39,110],"by":[41,168],"defining":[42],"as":[45,127,133],"avoidable":[46],"if":[47],"differently":[49],"configured":[50],"would":[52],"have":[53,156],"avoided":[54],"This":[56],"searches":[58],"both":[60],"scenarios":[62],"and":[63,151],"configurations":[66,79,120],"capable":[67],"of":[68,106,121,131,139,147,164],"avoiding":[69,82],"them.":[70],"However,":[71],"its":[72],"main":[73],"that":[76,124],"generated":[80],"some":[83],"collisions":[84,132,150],"are":[85],"suitable":[87],"preventing":[89],"other":[90],"ones.":[91],"Therefore,":[92],"does":[94],"provide":[96],"any":[97],"guidance":[98],"automotive":[100],"engineers":[101],"improving":[103],"safety":[105],"ADS.":[108],"To":[109],"end,":[111],"we":[112],"propose":[113],"new":[115],"generate":[119],"can":[125],"avoid":[126],"many":[128],"different":[129],"types":[130],"possible.":[134],"We":[135],"present":[136],"two":[137],"versions":[138],"approach,":[141],"which":[142],"differ":[143],"way":[146],"searching":[148],"alternative":[152],"configurations.":[153],"approaches":[155],"been":[157],"experimented":[158],"on":[159],"path":[161],"planner":[162],"component":[163],"an":[165],"provided":[167],"our":[169],"industry":[170],"partner.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}