{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107676683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377815.3381377","title":"Is using deep learning frameworks free?","display_name":"Is using deep learning frameworks free?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107676683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377815.3381377","mag":"3107676683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377815.3381377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377815.3381377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101486214","display_name":"Jiakun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7273-6709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiakun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101453877","display_name":"Qiao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7869-1310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006669765","display_name":"Xin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-3256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049727493","display_name":"Emad Shihab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1285-9878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emad Shihab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081036622","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114429788","display_name":"Shanping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-9792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101486214"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97083632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7762801051139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7633035778999329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.6452652812004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.5102908611297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5009148120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"Cost reduction","score":0.454324871301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4522911608219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.41042694449424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33030664920806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.31101107597351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.29453232884407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.07086384296417236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7762801051139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7633035778999329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.6452652812004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5102908611297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5009148120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454688","display_name":"Cost reduction","level":2,"score":0.454324871301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4522911608219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41042694449424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33030664920806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.31101107597351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.29453232884407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.07086384296417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377815.3381377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377815.3381377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-6648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6648&amp;amp;context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377815.3381377","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140915724","https://openalex.org/W1857184435","https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W1968074466","https://openalex.org/W2009256433","https://openalex.org/W2028836139","https://openalex.org/W2031271477","https://openalex.org/W2045336717","https://openalex.org/W2055007800","https://openalex.org/W2057244851","https://openalex.org/W2057433090","https://openalex.org/W2089758871","https://openalex.org/W2119887272","https://openalex.org/W2130602377","https://openalex.org/W2133012565","https://openalex.org/W2147863284","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2168891858","https://openalex.org/W2181921062","https://openalex.org/W2189162242","https://openalex.org/W2216905672","https://openalex.org/W2298313545","https://openalex.org/W2395122565","https://openalex.org/W2395955025","https://openalex.org/W2573984204","https://openalex.org/W2579161546","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2767729231","https://openalex.org/W2786622092","https://openalex.org/W2787379525","https://openalex.org/W2905409531","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2998678832","https://openalex.org/W3104103145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1840755814","https://openalex.org/W2060038150","https://openalex.org/W2031271477","https://openalex.org/W3130266246","https://openalex.org/W3133010148","https://openalex.org/W2034782377","https://openalex.org/W1985040977","https://openalex.org/W2598593295","https://openalex.org/W2935052825","https://openalex.org/W2896854091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developers":[0],"of":[1,28],"deep":[2,11,29,55],"learning":[3,12,30,56],"applications":[4],"(shortened":[5,32],"as":[6,33],"application":[7,67],"developers)":[8,35],"commonly":[9],"use":[10],"frameworks":[13,31],"in":[14,54,60,73],"their":[15],"projects.":[16],"However,":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,38,42,51,64],"time":[20],"pressure,":[21],"market":[22],"competition,":[23],"and":[24,69],"cost":[25],"reduction,":[26],"developers":[27,68,72],"framework":[34,71],"often":[36],"have":[37],"sacrifice":[39],"software":[40],"quality":[41],"satisfy":[43],"a":[44],"shorter":[45],"completion":[46],"time.":[47],"This":[48],"practice":[49],"leads":[50],"technical":[52],"debt":[53],"frameworks,":[57],"which":[58],"results":[59],"the":[61,66,70],"increasing":[62],"burden":[63],"both":[65],"future":[74],"development.":[75]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
