{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090144865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377813.3381370","title":"Modeling and ranking flaky tests at Apple","display_name":"Modeling and ranking flaky tests at Apple","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090144865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377813.3381370","mag":"3090144865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377813.3381370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377813.3381370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074969999","display_name":"Emily Kowalczyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Kowalczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110449923","display_name":"K. Ravindran Nair","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091857140","display_name":"Zebao Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zebao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058002403","display_name":"Leo Silberstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Silberstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018688345","display_name":"Teng Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9773-418X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103489081","display_name":"Atif M. Memon","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Memon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"110","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5397655963897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5237296223640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19835835695266724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5397655963897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5237296223640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19835835695266724}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377813.3381370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377813.3381370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991292921","https://openalex.org/W2026926213","https://openalex.org/W2091594042","https://openalex.org/W2107500604","https://openalex.org/W2159765571","https://openalex.org/W2591823109","https://openalex.org/W2767787791","https://openalex.org/W2809559400","https://openalex.org/W2885226523","https://openalex.org/W2889186791","https://openalex.org/W2898805736","https://openalex.org/W2901387825","https://openalex.org/W2908468457","https://openalex.org/W2951170114","https://openalex.org/W2955940099","https://openalex.org/W2957454295","https://openalex.org/W3106532184","https://openalex.org/W4252613971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Test":[0],"flakiness---inability":[1],"to":[2,9,75,142,168],"reliably":[3],"repeat":[4],"a":[5,11,29,33,57,60,69],"test's":[6],"Pass/Fail":[7],"outcome---continues":[8],"be":[10],"significant":[12,34],"problem":[13],"in":[14,128,147,156,174,202],"Industry,":[15],"adversely":[16],"impacting":[17],"continuous":[18],"integration":[19],"and":[20,67,86,92,104,135,144,159,182],"test":[21,58,82,111],"pipelines.":[22],"Completely":[23],"eliminating":[24],"flaky":[25],"tests":[26,38,127],"is":[27,123],"not":[28],"realistic":[30],"option":[31],"as":[32,59],"fraction":[35],"of":[36,47,56,81,113,172],"system":[37],"(typically":[39],"non-hermetic)":[40],"for":[41],"services-based":[42],"implementations":[43],"exhibit":[44],"some":[45],"level":[46],"flakiness.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,64],"view":[53],"the":[54,79,87,126,175],"flakiness":[55,101,122,138,148,173,194],"rankable":[61],"value,":[62],"which":[63,178],"quantify,":[65],"track":[66],"assign":[68],"confidence.":[70],"We":[71,97,119],"develop":[72],"two":[73,114],"ways":[74],"model":[76],"flakiness,":[77],"capturing":[78],"randomness":[80],"results":[83,151],"via":[84,90],"entropy,":[85],"temporal":[88],"variation":[89],"flipRate,":[91],"aggregating":[93],"these":[94,129],"over":[95],"time.":[96],"have":[98,179,185],"implemented":[99,187],"our":[100],"scoring":[102],"service":[103],"discuss":[105],"how":[106,121],"its":[107],"adoption":[108],"has":[109],"impacted":[110],"suites":[112],"large":[115],"services":[116],"at":[117],"Apple.":[118],"show":[120],"distributed":[124],"across":[125],"services,":[130],"including":[131],"typical":[132],"score":[133],"ranges":[134],"outliers.":[136],"The":[137,164],"scores":[139,165],"are":[140,189],"used":[141,167],"monitor":[143],"detect":[145],"changes":[146],"trends.":[149],"Evaluation":[150],"demonstrate":[152],"near":[153],"perfect":[154],"accuracy":[155],"ranking,":[157],"identification":[158],"alignment":[160],"with":[161,197],"human":[162],"interpretation.":[163],"were":[166],"identify":[169],"2":[170],"causes":[171],"dataset":[176],"evaluated,":[177],"been":[180,186],"confirmed,":[181],"where":[183],"fixes":[184],"or":[188],"underway.":[190],"Our":[191],"models":[192],"reduced":[193],"by":[195],"44%":[196],"less":[198],"than":[199],"1%":[200],"loss":[201],"fault":[203],"detection.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}