{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205304440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377812.3390911","title":"How has forking changed in the last 20 years?","display_name":"How has forking changed in the last 20 years?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205304440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377812.3390911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377812.3390911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377812.3390911","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040272202","display_name":"Shurui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-6073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shurui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050821883","display_name":"Bogdan Vasilescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-5783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Vasilescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067467896","display_name":"Christian K\u00e4stner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian K\u00e4stner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040272202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79079506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"268","last_page":"269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fork","display_name":"Fork (system call)","score":0.8725085258483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6626800894737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5478664040565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4259561598300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.34120553731918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33373773097991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32044219970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.26619893312454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.21529579162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.19410201907157898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40523978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14675","display_name":"Fork (system call)","level":2,"score":0.8725085258483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6626800894737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5478664040565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4259561598300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34120553731918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33373773097991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32044219970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.26619893312454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.21529579162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19410201907157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377812.3390911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377812.3390911","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595108726","https://openalex.org/W1998832529","https://openalex.org/W2092052791","https://openalex.org/W2124100711","https://openalex.org/W2139092060","https://openalex.org/W2794957215","https://openalex.org/W2967932715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2937118960","https://openalex.org/W2808525305","https://openalex.org/W3132572030","https://openalex.org/W3208656504","https://openalex.org/W3127613622","https://openalex.org/W2808177972","https://openalex.org/W3085385306","https://openalex.org/W4379380002","https://openalex.org/W3201151259","https://openalex.org/W2483304392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"notion":[1],"of":[2,9,112,128],"forking":[3,21],"has":[4],"changed":[5,144],"with":[6],"the":[7,76,155],"rise":[8],"distributed":[10],"version":[11],"control":[12],"systems":[13],"and":[14,89,101,108,136],"social":[15,60,81,129],"coding":[16,61],"environments,":[17,62],"like":[18],"GitHub.":[19],"Traditionally":[20],"refers":[22],"to":[23,67,73,75,154],"splitting":[24],"off":[25],"an":[26],"independent":[27],"development":[28],"branch":[29],"(which":[30,78],"we":[31,79,98],"call":[32,80],"hard":[33,37,46,92,96,104,113,123,140],"forks);":[34],"research":[35],"on":[36,106],"forks,":[38,97],"conducted":[39],"mostly":[40],"in":[41,59,71],"pre-GitHub":[42],"days":[43],"showed":[44],"that":[45,137],"forks":[47,105,114,124,130,141],"were":[48],"often":[49,125,148],"seen":[50],"critical":[51],"as":[52,149],"they":[53],"may":[54,84],"fragment":[55],"a":[56,69,150],"community.":[57],"Today,":[58],"open-source":[63],"developers":[64],"are":[65],"encouraged":[66],"fork":[68],"project":[70],"order":[72],"contribute":[74],"community":[77],"forks),":[82],"which":[83],"have":[85,142],"also":[86],"influenced":[87],"perceptions":[88],"practices":[90],"around":[91],"forks.":[93],"To":[94],"revisit":[95],"identify,":[99],"study,":[100],"classify":[102],"15,306":[103],"GitHub":[107],"interview":[109],"18":[110],"owners":[111],"or":[115],"forked":[116],"repositories.":[117],"We":[118],"find":[119],"that,":[120],"among":[121],"others,":[122],"evolve":[126],"out":[127],"rather":[131],"than":[132],"being":[133],"planned":[134],"deliberately":[135],"perception":[138],"about":[139],"indeed":[143],"dramatically,":[145],"seeing":[146],"them":[147],"positive":[151],"non-competitive":[152],"alternative":[153],"original":[156],"project.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}