{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005321232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380376","title":"How do companies collaborate in open source ecosystems?","display_name":"How do companies collaborate in open source ecosystems?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005321232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380376","mag":"3005321232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380376","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377811.3380376","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377811.3380376","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107249780","display_name":"Yuxia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-1568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065977454","display_name":"Minghui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-3964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053754637","display_name":"Klaas-Jan Stol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-5050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27577105","display_name":"University College Cork","ror":"https://ror.org/03265fv13","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaas-Jan Stol","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Cork, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101835579","display_name":"Jianyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-8871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049100391","display_name":"Zhi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1196","last_page":"1208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.6783608794212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.638424813747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5692968964576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.532581090927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5258848071098328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5224765539169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scarcity","display_name":"Scarcity","score":0.4567064940929413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-innovation","display_name":"Open innovation","score":0.45641711354255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4333455562591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.42640161514282227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3341749310493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.2904350161552429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2423337996006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18604376912117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.16123172640800476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.6783608794212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.638424813747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5692968964576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.532581090927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5258848071098328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5224765539169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.4567064940929413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148415826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469997","display_name":"Open innovation","level":2,"score":0.45641711354255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4333455562591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.42640161514282227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3341749310493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2904350161552429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2423337996006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18604376912117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.16123172640800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380376","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377811.3380376","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cora.ucc.ie:10468/9616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10468/9616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401150","display_name":"Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210141138","host_organization_name":"APC Microbiome Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141138"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380376","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3377811.3380376","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G239185804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015CB352200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3718480972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15/SIRG/3293","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5436695862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61825201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7736775806","display_name":"Lero - the Irish Software Research Centre","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8812669796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1004201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G959409076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61690200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005321232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005321232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19974450","https://openalex.org/W53208072","https://openalex.org/W163378587","https://openalex.org/W192426306","https://openalex.org/W653148500","https://openalex.org/W1510360050","https://openalex.org/W1518828591","https://openalex.org/W1555841465","https://openalex.org/W1568017870","https://openalex.org/W1596655960","https://openalex.org/W1603750198","https://openalex.org/W1714723801","https://openalex.org/W1969939902","https://openalex.org/W1971788485","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W1976326994","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1979778970","https://openalex.org/W1985261208","https://openalex.org/W1985994919","https://openalex.org/W1989862714","https://openalex.org/W1990566545","https://openalex.org/W1995252666","https://openalex.org/W1998933571","https://openalex.org/W2006624349","https://openalex.org/W2021365718","https://openalex.org/W2027602529","https://openalex.org/W2045175138","https://openalex.org/W2076279155","https://openalex.org/W2082638814","https://openalex.org/W2095293504","https://openalex.org/W2098730327","https://openalex.org/W2106291522","https://openalex.org/W2111002549","https://openalex.org/W2112615110","https://openalex.org/W2119410041","https://openalex.org/W2120787072","https://openalex.org/W2128366083","https://openalex.org/W2129446839","https://openalex.org/W2133026349","https://openalex.org/W2140424839","https://openalex.org/W2149812746","https://openalex.org/W2152963130","https://openalex.org/W2153679654","https://openalex.org/W2160306841","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2184266591","https://openalex.org/W2225278211","https://openalex.org/W2344784027","https://openalex.org/W2406879970","https://openalex.org/W2549235741","https://openalex.org/W2553626899","https://openalex.org/W2559878556","https://openalex.org/W2595206409","https://openalex.org/W2606921612","https://openalex.org/W2728744153","https://openalex.org/W2735681515","https://openalex.org/W2769535977","https://openalex.org/W2808072029","https://openalex.org/W2809006032","https://openalex.org/W2899036005","https://openalex.org/W2925515791","https://openalex.org/W2940888766","https://openalex.org/W2951662295","https://openalex.org/W2977930619","https://openalex.org/W2980153788","https://openalex.org/W2988648088","https://openalex.org/W2997845087","https://openalex.org/W3004866894","https://openalex.org/W3005321232","https://openalex.org/W3105163189","https://openalex.org/W3121293189","https://openalex.org/W3121456168","https://openalex.org/W4211202483","https://openalex.org/W4240701274","https://openalex.org/W4246750060","https://openalex.org/W4293232152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571141552","https://openalex.org/W4391636338","https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4386067343","https://openalex.org/W4294250823","https://openalex.org/W2093086151","https://openalex.org/W55936454","https://openalex.org/W2494640179","https://openalex.org/W1988417292","https://openalex.org/W4283825617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"Source":[1],"Software":[2],"(OSS)":[3],"has":[4,29,52],"come":[5],"to":[6,124,145],"play":[7],"a":[8,64,88,130,173],"critical":[9,81],"role":[10],"in":[11,58,113,157,165,176,186,199],"the":[12,19,44,103,110,148,177,202],"software":[13],"industry.":[14],"Some":[15,75],"large":[16,22,96,194,209],"ecosystems":[17,78,97,196],"enjoy":[18],"participation":[20],"of":[21,24,27,66,76,91,105,109,116,121,136,204],"numbers":[23],"companies,":[25],"each":[26],"which":[28,114],"its":[30,184],"own":[31],"focus":[32],"and":[33,138,198],"goals.":[34],"Indeed,":[35],"companies":[36,93,117,143,154],"that":[37,142,153,172],"otherwise":[38],"compete,":[39],"may":[40,155,163],"become":[41,80],"collaborators":[42],"within":[43,72,95,206],"OSS":[45,59,73,195],"ecosystem":[46],"they":[47],"participate":[48],"in.":[49],"Prior":[50],"research":[51,67],"largely":[53],"focused":[54],"on":[55,69,119,129,192,201],"commercial":[56],"involvement":[57],"projects,":[60],"but":[61],"there":[62],"is":[63,98,180],"scarcity":[65],"focusing":[68],"company":[70],"collaborations":[71],"ecosystems.":[74],"these":[77],"have":[79],"building":[82],"blocks":[83],"for":[84],"organizations":[85],"worldwide;":[86],"hence,":[87],"clear":[89],"understanding":[90],"how":[92,193],"collaborate":[94,118],"essential.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"presents":[102],"results":[104],"an":[106,166],"empirical":[107],"study":[108,189],"OpenStack":[111,149],"ecosystem,":[112],"hundreds":[115],"thousands":[120],"project":[122],"repositories":[123],"deliver":[125],"cloud":[126],"distributions.":[127],"Based":[128],"detailed":[131],"analysis,":[132],"we":[133],"identify":[134,139],"clusters":[135],"collaborations,":[137,161],"four":[140],"strategies":[141],"adopt":[144],"engage":[146,156],"with":[147,183],"ecosystem.":[150,210],"We":[151],"alsofind":[152],"intentional":[158],"or":[159,162],"passive":[160],"work":[164],"isolated":[167],"fashion.":[168],"Further,":[169],"wefi":[170],"nd":[171],"company's":[174],"position":[175],"collaboration":[178,205],"network":[179],"positively":[181],"associated":[182],"productivity":[185],"OpenStack.":[187],"Our":[188],"sheds":[190],"light":[191],"work,":[197],"particular":[200],"patterns":[203],"one":[207],"such":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2020-02-14T00:00:00"}