{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982275082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380364","title":"Empirical review of automated analysis tools on 47,587 Ethereum smart contracts","display_name":"Empirical review of automated analysis tools on 47,587 Ethereum smart contracts","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982275082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380364","mag":"2982275082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380364","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.10601","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043941055","display_name":"Thomas Durieux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-6134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Durieux","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012075571","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o F. Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-9013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o F. Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030785658","display_name":"Rui Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-3157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021238003","display_name":"Pedro E. D. Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-4379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043941055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":48.1234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":366,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9985042,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"530","last_page":"541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidity","display_name":"Solidity","score":0.8716456890106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7859542369842529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.7328936457633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6491673588752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.42686885595321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.4118785262107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3955671191215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.243252694606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2201613187789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.21895140409469604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24909565","display_name":"Solidity","level":2,"score":0.8716456890106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7859542369842529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.7328936457633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6491673588752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.42686885595321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.4118785262107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3955671191215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.243252694606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2201613187789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.21895140409469604}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380364","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1910.10601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10601","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.10601","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1910.10601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10601","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.10601","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7885891134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"822404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335254","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335254","display_name":"Horizon 2020","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2538848838","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2598139937","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2794825356","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2808815243","https://openalex.org/W2876884816","https://openalex.org/W2885034081","https://openalex.org/W2885254001","https://openalex.org/W2888393465","https://openalex.org/W2888787871","https://openalex.org/W2888928288","https://openalex.org/W2889740224","https://openalex.org/W2890728226","https://openalex.org/W2898569715","https://openalex.org/W2899593607","https://openalex.org/W2906668391","https://openalex.org/W2907767077","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2914811077","https://openalex.org/W2945846631","https://openalex.org/W2949346161","https://openalex.org/W2949557841","https://openalex.org/W2950294262","https://openalex.org/W2962941562","https://openalex.org/W2963594166","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2964631013","https://openalex.org/W2968269657","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2982383932","https://openalex.org/W2999378142","https://openalex.org/W3034459010","https://openalex.org/W3041800504","https://openalex.org/W3100733828","https://openalex.org/W3104720502","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W4289548059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360139790","https://openalex.org/W2901649410","https://openalex.org/W2740264376","https://openalex.org/W4240545424","https://openalex.org/W4206999239","https://openalex.org/W2563096791","https://openalex.org/W2019168903","https://openalex.org/W2998602372","https://openalex.org/W2964781046","https://openalex.org/W2161928627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,64,75,79,111,120,131,137,155,163,177,187,190,194,200],"last":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"there":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"substantial":[8],"research":[9],"on":[10,88,136],"automated":[11,42,133],"analysis,":[12],"testing,":[13],"and":[14,27,69,113,119,151,167],"debugging":[15],"of":[16,39,52,66,92,99,122,165,176,207,218,226,229],"Ethereum":[17,80,123],"smart":[18,56,76,124],"contracts.":[19,125],"However,":[20],"it":[21],"is":[22],"not":[23],"trivial":[24],"to":[25,62,109,129,159],"compare":[26],"reproduce":[28],"that":[29,58,82,106,146,173,205],"research.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"this,":[33],"we":[34,107,142,203],"present":[35],"an":[36],"empirical":[37],"evaluation":[38],"9":[40,132],"state-of-the-art":[41],"analysis":[43,67,117,121,134],"tools":[44,118,135,166],"using":[45],"two":[46,138,231],"new":[47,102],"datasets:":[48],"i)":[49],"a":[50,71,101,215,223],"dataset":[51,72,182],"69":[53],"annotated":[54,181],"vulnerable":[55],"contracts":[57,77,208],"can":[59],"be":[60],"used":[61,127],"evaluate":[63],"precision":[65],"tools;":[68],"ii)":[70],"with":[73,189],"all":[74,186],"in":[78,162,168],"Blockchain":[81],"have":[83],"Solidity":[84],"source":[85],"code":[86],"available":[87],"Etherscan":[89],"(a":[90],"total":[91],"47,518":[93],"contracts).":[94],"The":[95],"datasets":[96],"are":[97,183,209],"part":[98],"SmartBugs,":[100],"extendable":[103],"execution":[104,169],"framework":[105],"created":[108],"facilitate":[110],"integration":[112],"comparison":[114],"between":[115],"multiple":[116],"We":[126,171],"SmartBugs":[128],"execute":[130],"datasets.":[139],"In":[140],"total,":[141],"ran":[143],"428,337":[144],"analyses":[145],"took":[147],"approximately":[148],"564":[149],"days":[150],"3":[152],"hours,":[153],"being":[154],"largest":[156,201],"experimental":[157],"setup":[158],"date":[160],"both":[161],"number":[164,217,225],"time.":[170],"found":[172],"only":[174,222,230],"42%":[175],"vulnerabilities":[178,227],"from":[179],"our":[180],"detected":[184,234],"by":[185,236],"tools,":[188],"tool":[191],"Mythril":[192],"having":[193],"higher":[195],"accuracy":[196],"(27%).":[197],"When":[198],"considering":[199],"dataset,":[202],"observed":[204],"97%":[206],"tagged":[210],"as":[211],"vulnerable,":[212],"thus":[213],"suggesting":[214],"considerable":[216],"false":[219],"positives.":[220],"Indeed,":[221],"small":[224],"(and":[228],"categories)":[232],"were":[233],"simultaneously":[235],"four":[237],"or":[238],"more":[239],"tools.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}