{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3002398329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380331","title":"White-box fairness testing through adversarial sampling","display_name":"White-box fairness testing through adversarial sampling","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3002398329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380331","mag":"3002398329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380331","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/399420","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683238","display_name":"Peixin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-5651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peixin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319491","display_name":"Jingyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-7635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429004","display_name":"Jun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038152290","display_name":"Guoliang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6826-1165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoliang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352800","display_name":"Xinyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-6569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307193","display_name":"Xingen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-5020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085067496","display_name":"Jin Song Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-8326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Song Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101885675","display_name":"Ting Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0257-2304"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei International Pte. Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei International Pte. Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1558,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98548146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"949","last_page":"960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.782658576965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7806220054626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependability","display_name":"Dependability","score":0.7650743722915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7245386242866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.5869969129562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5529565215110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.528829038143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5273391008377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5141115784645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5024449825286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-spaces","display_name":"White spaces","score":0.4544352889060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40588998794555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3678014278411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34428152441978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2513107657432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.08359363675117493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.782658576965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7806220054626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77019957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057","display_name":"Dependability","level":2,"score":0.7650743722915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7245386242866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.5869969129562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5529565215110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.528829038143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5273391008377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5141115784645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5024449825286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96391052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256313","display_name":"White spaces","level":4,"score":0.4544352889060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40588998794555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3678014278411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34428152441978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2513107657432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.08359363675117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3377811.3380331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380331","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/399420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/399420","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/399420","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-5635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5635&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380331","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/399420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/399420","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/399420","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1981155606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2014NCR-NCR001-30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3934914081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018B010107004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324202","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5256024495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MG19C08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322183","funder_display_name":"Huawei Technologies"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G984677274","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u6863\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u751f\u6210\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322183","display_name":"Huawei Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324202","display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjzgn92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327962","display_name":"Singapore Telecommunications Limited","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3002398329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3002398329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2309693750","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2525596522","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2569531558","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2730550703","https://openalex.org/W2799640043","https://openalex.org/W2809701591","https://openalex.org/W2892229407","https://openalex.org/W2898851569","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963779314","https://openalex.org/W2964116855","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964164993","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3105507623","https://openalex.org/W3105599650","https://openalex.org/W6604796190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950183588","https://openalex.org/W3080754722","https://openalex.org/W3093978547","https://openalex.org/W2953536436","https://openalex.org/W3203790781","https://openalex.org/W4313346231","https://openalex.org/W2738001131","https://openalex.org/W4285785480","https://openalex.org/W2997056298","https://openalex.org/W4298079292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"deep":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"(DNNs)":[4],"have":[5],"demonstrated":[6],"astonishing":[7],"performance":[8],"in":[9],"many":[10],"applications,":[11],"there":[12],"are":[13],"still":[14],"concerns":[15],"on":[16],"their":[17],"dependability.":[18],"One":[19],"desirable":[20],"property":[21],"of":[22,46],"DNN":[23],"for":[24,41],"applications":[25],"with":[26,49],"societal":[27],"impact":[28],"is":[29],"fairness":[30],"(i.e.,":[31],"non-discrimination).":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"work,":[35],"we":[36],"propose":[37],"a":[38],"scalable":[39,68],"approach":[40,53,77],"searching":[42],"individual":[43,90],"discriminatory":[44,91],"instances":[45,92],"DNN.":[47],"Compared":[48],"state-of-the-art":[50],"methods,":[51],"our":[52,76],"only":[54],"employs":[55],"lightweight":[56],"procedures":[57],"like":[58],"gradient":[59],"computation":[60],"and":[61,86],"clustering,":[62],"which":[63],"makes":[64],"it":[65],"significantly":[66],"more":[67,82,89],"than":[69],"existing":[70],"methods.":[71],"Experimental":[72],"results":[73],"show":[74],"that":[75],"explores":[78],"the":[79],"search":[80],"space":[81],"effectively":[83],"(9":[84],"times)":[85,94],"generates":[87],"much":[88,96],"(25":[93],"using":[95],"less":[97],"time":[98],"(half":[99],"to":[100],"1/7).":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
