{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004937305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375627.3375815","title":"The Offense-Defense Balance of Scientific Knowledge","display_name":"The Offense-Defense Balance of Scientific Knowledge","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004937305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375627.3375815","mag":"3004937305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375627.3375815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375627.3375815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048695","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society","issn_l":"3065-8365","issn":["3065-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006060802","display_name":"Toby Shevlane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toby Shevlane","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054425888","display_name":"Allan Dafoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-205X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan Dafoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006060802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94845677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"173","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.6942686438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5810593366622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5768646597862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/craft","display_name":"Craft","score":0.5740478038787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5699260234832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology-of-scientific-knowledge","display_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","score":0.5033287405967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.47313180565834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4657593071460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publishing","display_name":"Publishing","score":0.4576529264450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4204634130001068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4052974581718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.396109014749527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.34146648645401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.33827948570251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.33220523595809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.27956777811050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.205550879240036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1480831801891327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14699584245681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14537960290908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.11234498023986816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.6942686438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5810593366622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5768646597862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779732396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207288","display_name":"Craft","level":2,"score":0.5740478038787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5699260234832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195732255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981008","display_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","level":2,"score":0.5033287405967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.47313180565834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4657593071460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151719136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943","display_name":"Publishing","level":2,"score":0.4576529264450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4204634130001068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4052974581718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.396109014749527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.34146648645401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33827948570251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33220523595809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27956777811050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.205550879240036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1480831801891327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14699584245681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14537960290908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11234498023986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375627.3375815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375627.3375815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048695","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society","issn_l":"3065-8365","issn":["3065-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018749010","https://openalex.org/W2132230638","https://openalex.org/W2801855527","https://openalex.org/W2901117869","https://openalex.org/W2951080837","https://openalex.org/W2969629572","https://openalex.org/W4230800277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912168137","https://openalex.org/W2920882006","https://openalex.org/W2771752657","https://openalex.org/W2936836059","https://openalex.org/W1567987063","https://openalex.org/W2391860589","https://openalex.org/W2030429945","https://openalex.org/W114878902","https://openalex.org/W2061295771","https://openalex.org/W4385221012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1],"growing":[2],"concern":[3],"over":[4,107],"the":[5,20,23,35,45,49,62,69,73,77,91,108],"potential":[6],"misuse":[7,18],"of":[8,19,72,76,110,115,141],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"(AI)":[11],"research.":[12,127],"Publishing":[13],"scientific":[14,78,85],"research":[15,24,51,130],"can":[16,25],"facilitate":[17],"technology,":[21],"but":[22],"also":[26],"contribute":[27],"to":[28,147,151],"protections":[29],"against":[30],"misuse.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"addresses":[34],"balance":[36,81],"between":[37],"these":[38],"two":[39],"effects.":[40],"Our":[41],"theoretical":[42],"framework":[43],"elucidates":[44],"factors":[46],"governing":[47],"whether":[48],"published":[50],"will":[52,82],"be":[53,123],"more":[54],"useful":[55],"for":[56,64,125],"attackers":[57],"or":[58,68],"defenders,":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61],"possibility":[63],"adequate":[65],"defensive":[66],"measures,":[67],"independent":[70],"discovery":[71],"knowledge":[74],"outside":[75],"community.":[79],"The":[80,128],"vary":[83],"across":[84],"fields.":[86],"However,":[87],"we":[88],"show":[89],"that":[90],"existing":[92],"conversation":[93],"within":[94,104],"AI":[95,126,129],"has":[96],"imported":[97],"concepts":[98,134],"and":[99,135,144],"conclusions":[100],"from":[101,137],"prior":[102],"debates":[103],"computer":[105],"security":[106],"disclosure":[109,114],"software":[111,116],"vulnerabilities.":[112],"While":[113],"vulnerabilities":[117],"often":[118],"favours":[119],"defence,":[120],"this":[121],"cannot":[122],"assumed":[124],"community":[131],"should":[132],"consider":[133],"policies":[136],"a":[138],"broad":[139],"set":[140],"adjacent":[142],"fields,":[143],"ultimately":[145],"needs":[146],"craft":[148],"policy":[149],"well-suited":[150],"its":[152],"particular":[153],"challenges.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}