{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011507518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375518","title":"The relationship between confusion and metacognitive strategies in Betty's Brain","display_name":"The relationship between confusion and metacognitive strategies in Betty's Brain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011507518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375518","mag":"3011507518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375462.3375518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375518","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375518","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics &amp; Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375518","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052748459","display_name":"Yingbin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-3093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingbin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068205184","display_name":"Luc Paquette","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2738-3190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Paquette","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088695714","display_name":"Ryan S. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-3232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan S. Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075465170","display_name":"Jaclyn Ocumpaugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-8523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaclyn Ocumpaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013490855","display_name":"Nigel Bosch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel Bosch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067301388","display_name":"Anabil Munshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-9048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anabil Munshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051150754","display_name":"Gautam Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-3878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052748459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3592,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85018727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"276","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.9190902709960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metacognition","display_name":"Metacognition","score":0.7872657775878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6188872456550598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5573458671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5461278557777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.4575760066509247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.32605788111686707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27765774726867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1607942283153534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.12721753120422363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.9190902709960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.7872657775878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6188872456550598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5573458671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5461278557777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4575760066509247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.32605788111686707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27765774726867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1607942283153534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12721753120422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375462.3375518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375518","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375518","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics &amp; Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375462.3375518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375518","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375518","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics &amp; Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1380393005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201806040180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8465070633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1561676","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011507518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011507518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30249826","https://openalex.org/W38581190","https://openalex.org/W66598541","https://openalex.org/W881780776","https://openalex.org/W940491163","https://openalex.org/W979695743","https://openalex.org/W1489142649","https://openalex.org/W1598182466","https://openalex.org/W1630835083","https://openalex.org/W1957711827","https://openalex.org/W1971110798","https://openalex.org/W1973057762","https://openalex.org/W1976445490","https://openalex.org/W2003759405","https://openalex.org/W2025841702","https://openalex.org/W2028111024","https://openalex.org/W2032853195","https://openalex.org/W2035938686","https://openalex.org/W2050482687","https://openalex.org/W2058064543","https://openalex.org/W2070635017","https://openalex.org/W2072035149","https://openalex.org/W2079526214","https://openalex.org/W2086024441","https://openalex.org/W2103162107","https://openalex.org/W2104486933","https://openalex.org/W2117342357","https://openalex.org/W2126994565","https://openalex.org/W2171618137","https://openalex.org/W2263221016","https://openalex.org/W2397000092","https://openalex.org/W2564474075","https://openalex.org/W2605961645","https://openalex.org/W2789444161","https://openalex.org/W2790615946","https://openalex.org/W2795882013","https://openalex.org/W2886259315","https://openalex.org/W2893644004","https://openalex.org/W2919490434","https://openalex.org/W2955084120","https://openalex.org/W4299817709","https://openalex.org/W4412184357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390181806","https://openalex.org/W2976037936","https://openalex.org/W4387714313","https://openalex.org/W2260086729","https://openalex.org/W4383552441","https://openalex.org/W4310809941","https://openalex.org/W3214719368","https://openalex.org/W2362169646","https://openalex.org/W2987254216","https://openalex.org/W3113444531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Confusion":[0,31],"has":[1,11],"been":[2],"shown":[3],"to":[4,43,76,102],"be":[5,58],"prevalent":[6],"during":[7,92],"complex":[8],"learning":[9,21,83],"and":[10,73,93,105],"mixed":[12],"effects":[13],"on":[14,24,114],"learning.":[15,115],"Whether":[16],"confusion":[17,72,97,113],"facilitates":[18],"or":[19,29],"hampers":[20],"may":[22,57],"depend":[23],"whether":[25],"it":[26,48],"is":[27,35,49],"resolved":[28],"not.":[30],"resolution,":[32],"behind":[33],"which":[34],"the":[36,69,110],"resolution":[37,98],"of":[38,112],"cognitive":[39],"disequilibrium,":[40],"requires":[41],"learners":[42],"possess":[44],"some":[45],"skills,":[46],"but":[47],"unclear":[50],"what":[51],"these":[52],"skills":[53],"are.":[54],"One":[55],"possibility":[56],"metacognitive":[59],"strategies":[60,62],"(MS),":[61],"for":[63],"regulating":[64],"cognition.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"examined":[68],"relationship":[70],"between":[71],"actions":[74],"related":[75,101],"MS":[77,89,103,106],"in":[78],"Betty's":[79],"Brain,":[80],"a":[81],"computer-based":[82],"environment.":[84],"The":[85],"results":[86],"revealed":[87],"that":[88],"behavior":[90],"differed":[91],"outside":[94],"confusion.":[95],"However,":[96],"was":[99],"not":[100,108],"behavior,":[104],"did":[107],"moderate":[109],"effect":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
