{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011043904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375467","title":"Focused or stuck together","display_name":"Focused or stuck together","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011043904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375467","mag":"3011043904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375462.3375467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375467","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375467","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375467","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044981146","display_name":"Hana Vrz\u00e1kov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-8588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hana Vrzakova","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052232026","display_name":"Mary Jean Amon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-7568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Jean Amon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039512626","display_name":"Angela Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-9266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028699253","display_name":"Nicholas D. Duran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas D. Duran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney K. D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044981146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I2802236040"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5443,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98315574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"295","last_page":"304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.750652551651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6797761917114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6145060658454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5289903879165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5153936147689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silence","display_name":"Silence","score":0.4722328186035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.328088641166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.178460955619812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.750652551651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6797761917114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6145060658454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5289903879165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5153936147689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781115785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502261","display_name":"Silence","level":2,"score":0.4722328186035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.328088641166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.178460955619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375462.3375467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375467","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375467","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3375462.3375467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375467","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3375462.3375467","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1150716242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUE 1745442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4526666642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF DUE 1745442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6509349045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305A170432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","funder_display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6834602355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1745442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7047325297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IES R305A170432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","funder_display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04et59085"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011043904.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011043904.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507165380","https://openalex.org/W1551289443","https://openalex.org/W1875943490","https://openalex.org/W1966359789","https://openalex.org/W1994090818","https://openalex.org/W2006674865","https://openalex.org/W2013996419","https://openalex.org/W2021068117","https://openalex.org/W2026906720","https://openalex.org/W2032406331","https://openalex.org/W2034025926","https://openalex.org/W2036648297","https://openalex.org/W2036763306","https://openalex.org/W2065065307","https://openalex.org/W2122575992","https://openalex.org/W2138998157","https://openalex.org/W2170016732","https://openalex.org/W2284190574","https://openalex.org/W2294206250","https://openalex.org/W2337648743","https://openalex.org/W2341532344","https://openalex.org/W2460123873","https://openalex.org/W2508311197","https://openalex.org/W2535073923","https://openalex.org/W2549066128","https://openalex.org/W2551658346","https://openalex.org/W2588314311","https://openalex.org/W2588883461","https://openalex.org/W2593345665","https://openalex.org/W2770518389","https://openalex.org/W2773139392","https://openalex.org/W2792695100","https://openalex.org/W2803090639","https://openalex.org/W2808450727","https://openalex.org/W2808944916","https://openalex.org/W2887558825","https://openalex.org/W2894138281","https://openalex.org/W2894861209","https://openalex.org/W2895350599","https://openalex.org/W2895416147","https://openalex.org/W2895776773","https://openalex.org/W2915183303","https://openalex.org/W2915342991","https://openalex.org/W2916601238","https://openalex.org/W2916605384","https://openalex.org/W2916734143","https://openalex.org/W2921276910","https://openalex.org/W2923421605","https://openalex.org/W2941939584","https://openalex.org/W2969653701","https://openalex.org/W2977306830","https://openalex.org/W2981040244","https://openalex.org/W2985606745","https://openalex.org/W3015484715","https://openalex.org/W3164489844","https://openalex.org/W3165323448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140535326","https://openalex.org/W1607271848","https://openalex.org/W4251121070","https://openalex.org/W2734809835","https://openalex.org/W2184961913","https://openalex.org/W1965764303","https://openalex.org/W2750153830","https://openalex.org/W2598946408","https://openalex.org/W3196817267","https://openalex.org/W1976600725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Collaborative":[0],"problem":[1],"solving":[2],"(CPS)":[3],"in":[4,57,132],"virtual":[5],"environments":[6],"is":[7,25],"an":[8],"increasingly":[9],"important":[10],"context":[11],"of":[12,19,112,157],"21st":[13],"century":[14],"learning.":[15],"However,":[16,115],"our":[17],"understanding":[18],"this":[20],"complex":[21],"and":[22,38,41,73,81,98,107,118,140],"dynamic":[23],"phenomenon":[24],"still":[26],"limited.":[27],"Here,":[28],"we":[29],"examine":[30],"unimodal":[31,146],"primitives":[32],"(activity":[33],"on":[34],"the":[35,113,138,145,151,155],"screen,":[36],"speech,":[37],"body":[39],"movements),":[40],"their":[42],"multimodal":[43,74,135],"combinations":[44],"during":[45,120],"remote":[46,161],"CPS.":[47,162],"We":[48,67,85,148],"analyze":[49],"two":[50],"datasets":[51],"where":[52],"116":[53],"triads":[54],"collaboratively":[55],"engaged":[56],"a":[58],"challenging":[59],"visual":[60],"programming":[61],"task":[62,105,127],"using":[63],"video":[64],"conferencing":[65],"software.":[66],"investigate":[68],"how":[69,150],"UI-interactions,":[70],"behavioral":[71],"primitives,":[72],"patterns":[75,136],"were":[76],"associated":[77],"with":[78,89,104,108,126],"teams'":[79],"subjective":[80,110],"objective":[82],"performance":[83,106],"outcomes.":[84],"found":[86],"that":[87,131],"idling":[88],"limited":[90],"speech":[91],"(i.e.,":[92],"silence":[93],"or":[94],"backchannel":[95],"feedback":[96],"only)":[97],"without":[99],"movement":[100],"was":[101,123],"negatively":[102],"correlated":[103,125],"participants'":[109],"perceptions":[111],"collaboration.":[114],"being":[116],"silent":[117],"focused":[119],"solution":[121],"execution":[122],"positively":[124],"performance.":[128],"Results":[129],"illustrate":[130],"some":[133],"cases,":[134],"improved":[137,141],"predictions":[139],"explanatory":[142],"power":[143],"over":[144],"primitives.":[147],"discuss":[149],"findings":[152],"can":[153],"inform":[154],"design":[156],"real-time":[158],"interventions":[159],"for":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}