{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004392311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373017.3373049","title":"HHH: An Online Medical Chatbot System based on Knowledge Graph and Hierarchical Bi-Directional Attention","display_name":"HHH: An Online Medical Chatbot System based on Knowledge Graph and Hierarchical Bi-Directional Attention","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004392311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373017.3373049","mag":"3004392311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3373017.3373049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373017.3373049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524001","display_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.03140","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiming Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiming Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lin Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiamou Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiamou Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2512,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95057334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5059000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5059000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.21539999544620514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.8968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5309000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-reciprocal-rank","display_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.37950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5309000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44083865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3853443","display_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985722590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medical knowledge","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993807640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103709453","display_name":"Attention network","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143271835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254515","display_name":"Similitude","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3373017.3373049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373017.3373049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524001","display_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.03140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.03140","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.03140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/57635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2292/57635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.03140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.03140","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.03140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W2099964107","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2517782820","https://openalex.org/W2584356431","https://openalex.org/W2605089588","https://openalex.org/W2735704828","https://openalex.org/W2750747353","https://openalex.org/W2765235105","https://openalex.org/W2892893511","https://openalex.org/W2950784788","https://openalex.org/W2963655104","https://openalex.org/W4236521339"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,8,14,18,44,58,79,111,134],"chatbot":[4,25],"framework":[5],"that":[6,127],"adopts":[7],"hybrid":[9],"model":[10,129],"which":[11],"consists":[12],"of":[13,113],"knowledge":[15,45],"graph":[16,46],"and":[17,62,99,106],"text":[19,60],"similarity":[20,63],"model.":[21],"Based":[22],"on":[23],"this":[24],"framework,":[26],"we":[27],"build":[28],"HHH,":[29],"an":[30],"online":[31],"question-and-answer":[32],"(QA)":[33],"Healthcare":[34],"Helper":[35],"system":[36],"for":[37],"answering":[38],"complex":[39],"medical":[40,49,121],"questions.":[41],"HHH":[42,55],"maintains":[43],"constructed":[47],"from":[48,52,78,96],"data":[50],"collected":[51],"the":[53,74,108,114,120],"Internet.":[54],"also":[56],"implements":[57],"novel":[59],"representation":[61,95],"deep":[64],"learning":[65],"model,":[66],"Hierarchical":[67],"BiLSTM":[68],"Attention":[69],"Model":[70,102],"(HBAM),":[71],"to":[72,132],"find":[73],"most":[75],"similar":[76],"question":[77],"large":[80],"QA":[81],"dataset.":[82],"We":[83,104],"compare":[84],"HBAM":[85],"with":[86,110],"other":[87],"state-of-the-art":[88],"language":[89],"models":[90,109],"such":[91],"as":[92],"bidirectional":[93],"encoder":[94],"transformers":[97],"(BERT)":[98],"Manhattan":[100],"LSTM":[101],"(MaLSTM).":[103],"train":[105],"test":[107],"subset":[112],"Quora":[115],"duplicate":[116],"questions":[117],"dataset":[118],"in":[119],"area.":[122],"The":[123],"experimental":[124],"results":[125],"show":[126],"our":[128],"is":[130],"able":[131],"achieve":[133],"superior":[135],"performance":[136],"than":[137],"these":[138],"existing":[139],"methods.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2020-02-07T00:00:00"}