{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089277900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372224.3419212","title":"Understanding power consumption of NB-IoT in the wild","display_name":"Understanding power consumption of NB-IoT in the wild","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089277900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372224.3419212","mag":"3089277900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3372224.3419212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372224.3419212","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004592084","display_name":"Deliang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-2935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deliang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100744349","display_name":"Xianghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-7704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050142707","display_name":"Xuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-1983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110632120","display_name":"Liqian Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqian Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081625886","display_name":"Jun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-4122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039099199","display_name":"Xiangmao Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6246-552X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangmao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072780737","display_name":"Guoliang Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-7751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoliang Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7519440650939941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7148306369781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.532256543636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5196279883384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5127376317977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.46250292658805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4485461115837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enodeb","display_name":"EnodeB","score":0.4378364086151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4364207684993744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.4354937672615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4134387671947479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4117470979690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3577088713645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2595463991165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1396411657333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10313832759857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.09185755252838135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7519440650939941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7148306369781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.532256543636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5196279883384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5127376317977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.46250292658805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4485461115837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5379353","display_name":"EnodeB","level":4,"score":0.4378364086151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4364207684993744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.4354937672615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4134387671947479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4117470979690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3577088713645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2595463991165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1396411657333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10313832759857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.09185755252838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3372224.3419212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372224.3419212","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1971841691","https://openalex.org/W1994709940","https://openalex.org/W2049577911","https://openalex.org/W2129636357","https://openalex.org/W2253691434","https://openalex.org/W2279736131","https://openalex.org/W2526496292","https://openalex.org/W2597831797","https://openalex.org/W2775359664","https://openalex.org/W2779963755","https://openalex.org/W2782706792","https://openalex.org/W2790199451","https://openalex.org/W2802878295","https://openalex.org/W2809803840","https://openalex.org/W2883825880","https://openalex.org/W2885839372","https://openalex.org/W2893265154","https://openalex.org/W2911390145","https://openalex.org/W2917931339","https://openalex.org/W2923786060","https://openalex.org/W2943107267","https://openalex.org/W2964036708","https://openalex.org/W2964177870","https://openalex.org/W2998611528","https://openalex.org/W3104912275","https://openalex.org/W4235843216","https://openalex.org/W4242036132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2968855122","https://openalex.org/W4294610844","https://openalex.org/W1590995344","https://openalex.org/W2535625445","https://openalex.org/W1965500495","https://openalex.org/W2896290507","https://openalex.org/W3154018321","https://openalex.org/W2293118914","https://openalex.org/W2774962440","https://openalex.org/W2350774796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2,34],"seen":[3],"a":[4,76,94,122,138,174],"widespread":[5],"deployment":[6],"of":[7,23,41,47,68,82,96,102,124,168],"NB-IoT":[8,24,61,110,169,190],"networks":[9],"for":[10],"massive":[11],"machine-to-machine":[12],"communication":[13],"in":[14,90,117],"the":[15,20,58,103,118,166],"emerging":[16],"5G":[17],"era.":[18],"Unfortunately,":[19],"key":[21,147],"aspects":[22,183],"networks,":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"radio":[28],"access":[29],"performance":[30,140],"and":[31,44,70,133,158,178,192],"power":[32,69,156],"consumption":[33,116],"not":[35],"been":[36],"well-understood":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,121,129,145],"lack":[40],"effective":[42],"tools":[43],"closed":[45],"nature":[46],"operational":[48],"cellular":[49],"infrastructure.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"develop":[55],"NB-Scope":[56],"-":[57],"first":[59],"hardware":[60],"diagnostic":[62],"tool":[63],"that":[64,109,184],"supports":[65],"fine-grained":[66],"fusion":[67],"protocol":[71],"traces.":[72],"We":[73,163],"then":[74,164],"conduct":[75],"large-scale":[77],"field":[78],"measurement":[79],"study":[80],"consisting":[81],"30":[83],"nodes":[84,111],"deployed":[85],"at":[86],"over":[87],"1,200":[88],"locations":[89],"3":[91],"regions":[92],"during":[93],"period":[95],"three":[97],"months.":[98],"Our":[99],"in-depth":[100],"analysis":[101],"collected":[104],"49":[105],"GB":[106],"traces":[107],"showed":[108],"yield":[112],"significantly":[113],"imbalanced":[114],"energy":[115],"wild,":[119],"up":[120],"ratio":[123],"75:1,":[125],"which":[126],"may":[127],"lead":[128],"short":[130],"battery":[131],"lifetime":[132],"frequent":[134],"network":[135,151],"partition.":[136],"Such":[137],"high":[139],"variance":[141],"can":[142,185],"be":[143,186],"attributed":[144],"several":[146,180],"factors":[148],"including":[149],"diverse":[150],"coverage":[152],"levels,":[153],"long":[154],"tail":[155],"profile,":[157],"excessive":[159],"control":[160],"message":[161],"repetitions.":[162],"explore":[165],"optimization":[167],"base":[170],"station":[171],"settings":[172],"on":[173],"software-defined":[175],"eNodeB":[176],"testbed,":[177],"suggest":[179],"important":[181],"design":[182],"considered":[187],"by":[188],"future":[189],"specifications":[191],"chipsets.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
