{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2988136099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","title":"What Are Links in Linked Open Data? A Characterization and Evaluation of Links between Knowledge Graphs on the Web","display_name":"What Are Links in Linked Open Data? A Characterization and Evaluation of Links between Knowledge Graphs on the Web","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2988136099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","mag":"2988136099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3369875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110189822","display_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","issn_l":"1936-1955","issn":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072221152","display_name":"Armin Haller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Haller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-0780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040541999","display_name":"Javier D. Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-827X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112164","display_name":"Complexity Science Hub","ror":"https://ror.org/023dz9m50","country_code":"AT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112164"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier D. Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefst\u00e4dter Strasse, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefst\u00e4dter Strasse, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059142933","display_name":"Maulik R. Kamdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9898-0515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maulik R. Kamdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076886839","display_name":"Axel Polleres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-1146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Polleres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-1146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9556,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88818446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8748899698257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linked-data","display_name":"Linked data","score":0.8284714818000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5638156533241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.5500801205635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.5338424444198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-data","display_name":"Open data","score":0.4878528118133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.4859715700149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4805210530757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.47831204533576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication","display_name":"Publication","score":0.4554545283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.43864312767982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4317575693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link","display_name":"Link (geometry)","score":0.4236822724342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage","display_name":"Linkage (software)","score":0.41019710898399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3845292925834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.3314945697784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1738114058971405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8748899698257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69075417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515701","display_name":"Linked data","level":3,"score":0.8284714818000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5638156533241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.5500801205635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.5338424444198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780535194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309901","display_name":"Open data","level":2,"score":0.4878528118133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.4859715700149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4805210530757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47831204533576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41458344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732577","display_name":"Publication","level":2,"score":0.4554545283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.43864312767982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4317575693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554239","display_name":"Link (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4236822724342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31266012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340","display_name":"Linkage (software)","level":3,"score":0.41019710898399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3845292925834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.3314945697784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1738114058971405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3369875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110189822","display_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","issn_l":"1936-1955","issn":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.wu.ac.at:publications/998ce343-d618-450b-a69e-c801d3b555e2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wu.ac.at/de/publications/998ce343-d618-450b-a69e-c801d3b555e2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055123","display_name":"WU Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Haller, A, Fern\u00e1ndez, J D, Kamdar, M R & Polleres, A 2020, 'What Are Links in Linked Open Data? A Characterization and Evaluation of Links between Knowledge Graphs on the Web', Journal of Data and Information Quality, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1 - 34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.wu-wien.ac.at:7193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://epub.wu.ac.at/7193/1/20191002ePub_LOD_link_analysis.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401630","display_name":"ePubWU Institutional Repository (Vienna University of Economics and Business)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","host_organization_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/270023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/270023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3369875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3369875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110189822","display_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","issn_l":"1936-1955","issn":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1785604624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"861213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","funder_display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4444378302","display_name":"Scalable Policy-awarE linked data arChitecture for prIvacy, trAnsparency and compLiance","funder_award_id":"731601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W140982117","https://openalex.org/W150699991","https://openalex.org/W178136164","https://openalex.org/W1552847225","https://openalex.org/W1555486317","https://openalex.org/W1582479658","https://openalex.org/W1870959433","https://openalex.org/W1948438412","https://openalex.org/W1999348851","https://openalex.org/W2013667086","https://openalex.org/W2080133951","https://openalex.org/W2110552512","https://openalex.org/W2123152121","https://openalex.org/W2136679991","https://openalex.org/W2137999759","https://openalex.org/W2141113026","https://openalex.org/W2146538435","https://openalex.org/W2184653508","https://openalex.org/W2281806033","https://openalex.org/W2293532363","https://openalex.org/W2295276225","https://openalex.org/W2341964010","https://openalex.org/W2433878647","https://openalex.org/W2471601082","https://openalex.org/W2498760777","https://openalex.org/W2514438535","https://openalex.org/W2535189740","https://openalex.org/W2579007238","https://openalex.org/W2582051683","https://openalex.org/W2793252636","https://openalex.org/W2885947181","https://openalex.org/W2886604633","https://openalex.org/W2912478203","https://openalex.org/W3106250965","https://openalex.org/W4254697110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2776293731","https://openalex.org/W4285228649","https://openalex.org/W1723367271","https://openalex.org/W2535793348","https://openalex.org/W4253617153","https://openalex.org/W3123392925","https://openalex.org/W2229112513","https://openalex.org/W4211148702","https://openalex.org/W2582017389","https://openalex.org/W1607526536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Linked":[0,32,66,78,109,139,150,164],"Open":[1,165],"Data":[2,33,110,140,166],"promises":[3],"to":[4,8,69,104,197],"provide":[5,153],"guiding":[6],"principles":[7],"publish":[9],"interlinked":[10],"knowledge":[11,61,75,107],"graphs":[12,62,76],"on":[13,183,188],"the":[14,17,42,124,160,163,171,191],"Web":[15],"in":[16,149],"form":[18],"of":[19,50,72,83,133,157,162,173,190,202],"findable,":[20],"accessible,":[21],"interoperable,":[22],"and":[23,93,114,168,180,200],"reusable":[24],"datasets.":[25],"We":[26,176],"argue":[27,102],"that":[28,53,103],"while":[29],"as":[30,37,65],"such,":[31],"may":[34],"be":[35],"viewed":[36],"a":[38,48,80,85,118,130,134,138,184],"basis":[39],"for":[40,137,147],"instantiating":[41],"FAIR":[43,106],"principles,":[44],"there":[45],"are":[46,63],"still":[47],"number":[49],"open":[51],"issues":[52,58],"cause":[54],"significant":[55],"data":[56,148],"quality":[57,201],"even":[59],"when":[60],"published":[64],"Data.":[67],"First,":[68],"define":[70,143],"boundaries":[71],"single":[73,119],"coherent":[74],"within":[77,92],"Data,":[79],"principled":[81],"notion":[82],"what":[84,90],"dataset":[86],"is,":[87],"or,":[88],"respectively,":[89],"links":[91],"between":[94],"datasets":[95,161],"are,":[96],"has":[97],"been":[98],"missing.":[99],"Second,":[100],"we":[101,127],"enable":[105],"graphs,":[108],"misses":[111],"standardised":[112],"findability":[113],"accessability":[115],"mechanism":[116,186],"via":[117],"entry":[120],"link.":[121],"To":[122],"address":[123],"first":[125],"issue,":[126],"(i)":[128],"propose":[129],"rigorous":[131],"definition":[132],"naming":[135],"authority":[136],"dataset,":[141],"(ii)":[142],"different":[144,203],"link":[145,181,204],"types":[146,205],"datasets,":[151],"(iii)":[152],"an":[154],"empirical":[155],"analysis":[156],"linkage":[158],"among":[159],"cloud,":[167],"(iv)":[169],"analyse":[170,198],"dereferenceability":[172],"those":[174],"links.":[175],"base":[177],"our":[178],"analyses":[179],"computations":[182],"scalable":[185],"implemented":[187],"top":[189],"HDT":[192],"format,":[193],"which":[194],"allows":[195],"us":[196],"quantity":[199],"at":[206],"scale.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}