{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3101193881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3409716","title":"C2S: translating natural language comments to formal program specifications","display_name":"C2S: translating natural language comments to formal program specifications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3101193881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3409716","mag":"3101193881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3368089.3409716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3409716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071575216","display_name":"Juan Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-8016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081782546","display_name":"Yu Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-7176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002720603","display_name":"Minxue Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minxue Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110722867","display_name":"Guian Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054002392","display_name":"Yongxiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0682-8365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075174750","display_name":"Chunrong Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9930-7111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunrong Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101594068","display_name":"Shiqing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-8948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009306083","display_name":"Lin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9400-1754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107249133","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9544-2500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071575216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96780966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8602120876312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7913249731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.6390051245689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-language","display_name":"Specification language","score":0.5489819049835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.5363107919692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.5204363465309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5055265426635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language-specification","display_name":"Programming language specification","score":0.47717323899269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.4657832980155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"Program synthesis","score":0.4295912981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.41644179821014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4160524904727936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20679661631584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.08848631381988525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8602120876312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7913249731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.6390051245689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.5489819049835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.5363107919692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.5204363465309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5055265426635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15077461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248507","display_name":"Programming language specification","level":5,"score":0.47717323899269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4657832980155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117718","display_name":"Program synthesis","level":2,"score":0.4295912981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41644179821014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4160524904727936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20679661631584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.08848631381988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119263510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248501","display_name":"Programming domain","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3368089.3409716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3409716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57067746","https://openalex.org/W146475325","https://openalex.org/W1495557642","https://openalex.org/W1605034451","https://openalex.org/W1721182246","https://openalex.org/W1987615754","https://openalex.org/W1994683471","https://openalex.org/W2045900383","https://openalex.org/W2074644416","https://openalex.org/W2090499101","https://openalex.org/W2098162425","https://openalex.org/W2101432564","https://openalex.org/W2105315191","https://openalex.org/W2109612250","https://openalex.org/W2116973066","https://openalex.org/W2118111397","https://openalex.org/W2118655104","https://openalex.org/W2123333323","https://openalex.org/W2124279581","https://openalex.org/W2145385214","https://openalex.org/W2146178292","https://openalex.org/W2148315256","https://openalex.org/W2152874840","https://openalex.org/W2162045655","https://openalex.org/W2166743230","https://openalex.org/W2168382229","https://openalex.org/W2170196926","https://openalex.org/W2170224888","https://openalex.org/W2171480813","https://openalex.org/W2296610691","https://openalex.org/W2385474486","https://openalex.org/W2471601946","https://openalex.org/W2527841494","https://openalex.org/W2547900581","https://openalex.org/W2617604339","https://openalex.org/W2724651144","https://openalex.org/W2879105418","https://openalex.org/W2883281296","https://openalex.org/W2889184175","https://openalex.org/W2940501901","https://openalex.org/W3005667672","https://openalex.org/W3036685832","https://openalex.org/W3036969520","https://openalex.org/W3106729728","https://openalex.org/W3149892921","https://openalex.org/W4229799736","https://openalex.org/W4237307717","https://openalex.org/W4239249613","https://openalex.org/W4239433846","https://openalex.org/W4243127898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034589735","https://openalex.org/W1520778375","https://openalex.org/W2607268704","https://openalex.org/W2204176978","https://openalex.org/W2044067585","https://openalex.org/W2015061688","https://openalex.org/W2156223462","https://openalex.org/W2323519609","https://openalex.org/W2752133100","https://openalex.org/W1588292955"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Formal":[0],"program":[1,12,14,25,55,81],"specifications":[2,26,56,124,141,158],"are":[3,113,159],"essential":[4],"for":[5,103,142],"various":[6],"software":[7,19,167],"engineering":[8,168],"tasks,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"verification,":[13],"synthesis,":[15],"code":[16],"debugging":[17],"and":[18,92,98,129],"testing.":[20],"However,":[21],"manually":[22],"inferring":[23],"formal":[24,80],"is":[27],"not":[28],"only":[29],"time-consuming":[30],"but":[31],"also":[32,160],"error-prone.":[33],"In":[34],"addition,":[35],"it":[36,51],"requires":[37],"substantial":[38],"expertise.":[39],"Natural":[40],"language":[41,77,90],"comments":[42,78,97],"contain":[43],"rich":[44],"semantics":[45],"about":[46],"behaviors":[47],"of":[48,132,145,166,179],"code,":[49],"making":[50],"feasible":[52],"to":[53,68,162],"infer":[54],"from":[57,95,120],"comments.":[58],"Inspired":[59],"by":[60,74,126],"this,":[61],"we":[62],"develop":[63],"a":[64,104,164],"tool,":[65],"named":[66],"C2S,":[67],"automate":[69],"the":[70,118,121,130,133,154,176,180],"specification":[71,93,127],"synthesis":[72],"task":[73],"translating":[75],"natural":[76,89],"into":[79,123],"specifications.":[82,101,181],"Our":[83,136],"approach":[84,109],"firstly":[85],"constructs":[86],"alignments":[87,122],"between":[88],"word":[91],"tokens":[94,111],"existing":[96],"their":[99],"corresponding":[100],"Then":[102],"given":[105],"method":[106],"comment,":[107],"our":[108],"assembles":[110],"that":[112],"associated":[114],"with":[115],"words":[116],"in":[117,148],"comment":[119],"guided":[125],"syntax":[128],"context":[131],"target":[134],"method.":[135],"tool":[137],"successfully":[138],"synthesizes":[139],"1,145":[140],"511":[143],"methods":[144],"64":[146],"classes":[147],"5":[149],"different":[150],"projects,":[151],"substantially":[152],"outperforming":[153],"state-of-the-art.":[155],"The":[156],"generated":[157],"used":[161],"improve":[163],"number":[165],"tasks":[169],"like":[170],"static":[171],"taint":[172],"analysis,":[173],"which":[174],"demonstrates":[175],"high":[177],"quality":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
